Traditional Betang House of Damang Batu

Historical Origins and Establishment

The Betang House of Damang Batu was founded in the 19th century, a period when the power structure in the interior of Kalimantan was still heavily reliant on the charisma and strength of a customary leader or "Damang." The main figure behind the construction of this house was Damang Batu, a charismatic leader of the Dayak Ngaju tribe who had extensive influence in the Barito region.

The construction of this Betang was not done haphazardly. Historically, its establishment was closely linked to the need for collective protection. At that time, the tradition of Kayau (headhunting) was still common, so the community needed a very strong, tall dwelling capable of housing many families within a single protective fortress. Damang Batu built this house as a center of customary governance and a shelter for his relatives and followers, creating a self-sufficient social ecosystem in the midst of the North Barito wilderness.

Architecture and Construction Details

Architecturally, the Betang House of Damang Batu displays the characteristic features of a Dayak stilt house on a grand scale. The main structure uses ulin wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri), or ironwood, known for its ability to withstand hundreds of years of extreme tropical weather.

1. Height and Support Pillars: The house is supported by dozens of large, round ulin pillars. The floor height from the ground surface reaches 3 to 5 meters. This served a dual purpose: as a defense against enemy attacks or wild animals, and as a precaution against the overflow of the Barito River.

2. Stairs (Hejot): Access is via stairs made from a single large, notched ulin log. In the past, these stairs would be pulled up at night or during times of danger, making the house an impenetrable fortress.

3. Interior and Room Division: The interior of the Betang is divided into two main areas. The Selasar, or long corridor facing the front, was used as a public space for deliberation and ceremonies. Meanwhile, the back section is divided into rooms (panyahu) for each family.

4. Ornaments and Carvings: The walls and pillars of the Betang are adorned with carvings of the Batang Garing (Tree of Life) motif and protective figures believed to spiritually ward off evil spirits.

Historical Significance and Important Events

The Betang House of Damang Batu is an important site due to its role in the history of customary law in Central Kalimantan. It was at this location that various major customary decisions were made. Damang Batu was not only a physical leader but also a judge who decided cases concerning land disputes, marriages, and inter-tribal peace.

One unique fact associated with this site is its role as a point of consolidation of power before or after major Dayak tribal meetings. Although the Tumbang Anoi meeting in 1894 was the peak of Dayak peace in general, the Betang House of Damang Batu in North Barito served as the center for the implementation of that customary law at the local level. The existence of this house proves that long before the Dutch colonial administration entered the interior, the Dayak people already had a highly structured system of governance.

The Figure Behind the Site

The name Damang Batu itself refers to a functional title. In the Dayak social structure, "Damang" is the highest position in customary affairs. The figure of Damang Batu was known for his wisdom in negotiating with the colonial authorities without sacrificing the sovereignty of his indigenous community. He succeeded in keeping the North Barito region stable amidst the political turmoil in Kalimantan in the late 19th century. The presence of family graves and heirloom objects around the Betang affirms his lineage and the legitimacy of his leadership, which is respected to this day.

Religious and Cultural Meaning

For the Dayak people in North Barito, the Betang House of Damang Batu is a symbol of the "Huma Betang" (Betang House) philosophy. This philosophy emphasizes togetherness, tolerance, and mutual cooperation. Although inhabited by many heads of families with potentially different backgrounds, they lived under one roof in harmony.

Religiously, this Betang often served as the center for carrying out Tiwah ceremonies (a ceremony to escort the ancestral bones to heaven according to Kaharingan belief). The spacious interior of the Betang allowed for solemn rituals involving many people and the sacrifice of animals, in accordance with ancestral traditions.

Preservation and Restoration Status

Currently, the Traditional Betang House of Damang Batu is recognized as a protected Historical Site under the supervision of the North Barito Regency and Central Kalimantan Province governments. Given its age, some parts of the building have experienced weathering.

The local government, along with cultural heritage experts, has undertaken several restoration efforts to replace parts of the roof and strengthen the supporting pillars without altering the original form. These preservation efforts aim not only to maintain the physical structure of the building but also to make this site an educational center for younger generations about Dayak leadership history and original architecture.

Unique Fact Conclusion

What distinguishes the Betang House of Damang Batu from other Betang houses in Central Kalimantan is its strategic location on the past trade routes for timber and forest products in North Barito. Furthermore, the collection of ancient items such as gongs, centuries-old jars, and traditional weapons still stored inside this house make it like a living museum. This site stands as a reminder that the identity of the North Barito people is rooted in courage, fair law, and architecture that is in harmony with nature.