South Bengkulu

History

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History and Development of South Bengkulu: From Marga to Modern Regency

South Bengkulu is one of the most important historical pillars in Bengkulu Province. Geographically, this area of 1,203.77 km² is located in the western part of Sumatra Island. Although it has a long coastline along the Indian Ocean, its administrative center and identity are deeply rooted in agrarian and inland characteristics, directly bordering five neighboring regions: Seluma Regency, Kaur Regency, Lahat Regency (South Sumatra), Pagar Alam City (South Sumatra), and Empat Lawang Regency.

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Prehistoric Roots and the Era of Kingdoms

Long before the arrival of Europeans, the South Bengkulu region was inhabited by the Central Malay ethnic groups, particularly the Serawai and Pasemah tribes. The social system of the time was based on "Marga" led by a Pasirah. One of the prominent prehistoric relics is the megalithic site on the highlands bordering South Sumatra, indicating that this region has been a center of civilization since the megalithic era.

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Colonial Era: British and Dutch

The history of South Bengkulu cannot be separated from the presence of the British through the British East India Company (EIC) in 1685. Based on the London Treaty of 1824, the British handed over the Bencoolen region to the Dutch. Under Dutch East Indies rule, South Bengkulu was known as part of the Afdeeling Lais en Kawoer. Manna, now the regency capital, grew as a center for pepper and clove trade. Local figures began to consolidate their power to resist the forced cultivation policies and trade monopolies implemented by the company.

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Era of Independence Struggle

Entering the 20th century, the spirit of nationalism burned brightly in South Bengkulu. During the Japanese occupation (1942-1945), this region became an important defense base. After the proclamation of independence, South Bengkulu was officially established as a regency based on Law Number 4 of 1956. One of the heroic moments recorded was the battle around strategic bridges to repel the Dutch military aggression that sought to reclaim the fertile plantation areas in and around Manna.

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Cultural Heritage and Local Identity

South Bengkulu possesses a unique cultural richness, such as the Andun dance, which symbolizes togetherness and gratitude. The oral literary tradition of Rejung also serves as a medium for passing down history and moral values across generations. One of the historical sites that still stands is the Honisuit Cannon, a large cannon left by the Japanese located at the Regent's Office Roundabout, serving as a symbol of the local community's resilience in facing colonial rule.

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Modern Development

Over time, South Bengkulu underwent several regional expansions that led to the formation of Kaur Regency and Seluma Regency in 2003. Despite the reduction in its area, South Bengkulu remains a vital center for rice and palm oil production for Bengkulu Province. The integration of local history with modern development is evident in the preservation of the traditional house Bubungan Lima and the local government's efforts to make Manna a transit city connecting the western Sumatra route with the mountainous inland areas. The long history from the Marga system to becoming a modern regency reflects the dynamic adaptability of the South Bengkulu people while remaining deeply rooted in their customs.

Geography

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Geography and Landscape of South Bengkulu

South Bengkulu is an important regency in Bengkulu Province with unique geographical characteristics. Located in the western part of Bengkulu Province, this region covers an area of approximately 1,203.77 km². Administratively, the regency directly borders five neighboring regions: Seluma Regency to the north, Kaur Regency to the south, South Sumatra Province to the east (Lahat Regency and Pagar Alam City), and the Indian Ocean to the west. Despite having a coastline, the concentration of settlements and agricultural activities is largely dominated by varied inland landscapes.

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Topography and Terrestrial Features

The topography of South Bengkulu is very dynamic, ranging from lowlands along the coast to hills and mountains in the east, which are part of the Bukit Barisan range. The region is characterized by fertile valleys that cut through the hills, creating a complex natural drainage system. One of the most prominent geographical features is the presence of the Manna River and the Air Kedurang River. These rivers are not just water flows but are arteries of traditional transportation and the main irrigation sources for the residents' rice fields. In the upstream areas, there are rapids indicating a rather steep slope before flowing calmly towards the estuary.

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Climate and Weather Patterns

South Bengkulu has a tropical wet climate with high rainfall throughout the year. The seasonal pattern is heavily influenced by monsoon winds, with the rainy season typically lasting from October to April, while the relatively short dry season occurs between May and September. The high rainfall in this area is driven by its position on the western slopes of the Bukit Barisan, which triggers orographic rainfall phenomena. Average humidity ranges between 80-90%, with air temperatures varying from 23°C in the hilly areas to 32°C in the lowlands.

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Natural Resources and Biodiversity

The natural wealth of South Bengkulu is abundant, especially in the agricultural and plantation sectors. Fertile volcanic soil makes this region a major producer of coffee, pepper, and oil palm. In the forestry sector, the eastern region bordering the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (TNBBS) is an important ecological zone. This zone is a habitat for rare flora like Rafflesia arnoldii and endemic fauna like the Sumatran Tiger. The biodiversity in its tropical rainforests includes various commercial timber species and medicinal plants that are still preserved.

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Coordinates and Ecological Zoning

Astronomically, South Bengkulu is located between 4°09'–4°33' South Latitude and 102°48'–103°15' East Longitude. Its ecological zoning is divided into coastal zones rich in mangrove ecosystems and highland zones that function as catchment areas. The presence of the Raja Mandara Protected Forest is one of the conservation strongholds that maintains the hydrological balance of the region to prevent land degradation and flooding in the downstream areas.

Culture

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Cultural Richness of South Bengkulu: Noble Heritage in the Land of Sekundang Setungguan

South Bengkulu, with its capital Manna, is the cultural heart of the Serawai tribe, who uphold the philosophy of "Sekundang Setungguan"—a principle of deep mutual cooperation and togetherness. This area of 1203.77 km² holds unique traditional wealth, distinguishing it from other coastal regions despite its direct geographical border with the Indian Ocean to the west.

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Traditions and Customs: Bimbang Adat

The social life of the South Bengkulu community centers around the Bimbang Adat system. One of the most preserved traditions is Bimbang Gedang, a grand traditional ceremony to celebrate weddings or bestow titles. In this procession, family values are tested through deliberation and consensus. There is also the Ndurung tradition, which involves communal fish catching in rivers using traditional nets called Tangkur, reflecting harmony between humans and nature.

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Arts: Andun Dance and Oral Literature

The most famous performing arts icon is the Andun Dance. This dance is not just aesthetic movement but a means for young men and women (Bujang Gadis) to get to know each other within strict customary norms. Furthermore, South Bengkulu has the oral literary tradition of Rejung, a singing art that contains life advice, love stories, or social criticism. The accompanying musical instruments are usually violins or accordions, creating a melancholic yet strong Malay melody.

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Signature Cuisine: Pendap and Catfish Curry

The culinary world of South Bengkulu offers bold flavors. Pendap is a national star; fish seasoned with rich spices (grated coconut, galangal, chili) is wrapped in layers of taro leaves, then boiled for eight hours until the texture is soft and the spices are perfectly infused. Additionally, Gulai Ikan Patin (Catfish Curry) and Lema—a fermented bamboo shoot dish mixed with fish—provide a very specific aroma and spicy sour taste for the Serawai palate.

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Serawai Language and Dialect

The local community uses the Serawai language. Its uniqueness lies in the word endings predominantly using the vowel "au" or "o". For example, the word "ke mana" (where to) becomes "ke mano". The use of this dialect is a strong unifying identity, especially during the Betahlil tradition or customary meetings.

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Traditional Attire and Textiles

In formal ceremonies, men wear a closed jacket with a sarong wrapped around the waist (tumpal fabric), complemented by a head covering called Detar. Women wear long kebaya with high-quality songket fabric woven with floral motifs, reflecting elegance and honor.

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Religious Practices and Festivals

Although the majority of the population is Muslim, cultural practices are still mixed with local wisdom. Celebrations of Islamic holidays are often accompanied by harvest thanksgiving rituals or joint prayers at traditional houses. Annual festivals like the Ayiak Manna Festival become a stage for various cultural communities to showcase traditional raft races and exhibitions of typical handicrafts such as bamboo and rattan weaving. This synergy between custom and religion maintains social stability in South Bengkulu in harmony to this day.

Tourism

Exploring the Hidden Charms of South Bengkulu: Gateway to Nature and Culture

South Bengkulu, a strategic regency in the western part of Bengkulu Province, offers authentic and largely untouched tourist attractions. Although administratively covering an area of approximately 1,203.77 km², this region is a unique meeting point of culture and nature due to its direct border with five neighboring regions, making it a transit hub rich in the diverse traditions of Bumi Sekundang Setungguan.

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Natural Wonders: From Roaring Waterfalls to Green Hills

The main attraction of South Bengkulu lies in its dramatic topography. One of the iconic destinations is Geluguran Waterfall, offering the freshness of mountain water amidst lush tropical forests. For lovers of high-altitude panoramas, Lubuk Langkap presents clear river views against a calming green hilly backdrop. Uniquely, despite its known coastline in some administrative areas, the inland part of South Bengkulu more prominently features river tourism and agro-tourism, which are rarely found elsewhere.

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Cultural Heritage and Historical Traces

Culturally, South Bengkulu is home to the Serawai ethnic group, who strictly adhere to their customs. Visitors can explore historical sites such as the Honisuit Cannon, a cannon left by the British that bears silent witness to the colonial struggle in Bengkulu. Additionally, the locally modified "Bubungan Lima" traditional house architecture provides insight into traditional architectural intelligence in adapting to the tropical climate.

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Adventure and Outdoor Experiences

For the adventurous soul, navigating the Manna River with rafting activities is a must-do experience. The rapids on this river offer challenging yet safe difficulty levels for beginners. Furthermore, trekking to protected forest areas to find the giant Rafflesia Arnoldii flower during its blooming season (usually between August and November) provides an exclusive sensation of witnessing one of the world's botanical wonders in its natural habitat.

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Gastronomy: Authentic Flavors

Culinary tourism in South Bengkulu is dominated by traditional dishes rich in spices. You must try Pendap, fish seasoned with special spices and wrapped in taro leaves, then steamed for eight hours. Its savory and spicy taste is perfect enjoyed with warm rice. Don't miss Lemang Tapai, glutinous rice cooked in bamboo, which is often a special dish in traditional ceremonies.

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Accommodation and Local Hospitality

Manna City, as the administrative center, offers various accommodation options ranging from simple guesthouses to comfortable inns with modern facilities. The local community is known for the Sekundang Setungguan philosophy, which emphasizes mutual cooperation and hospitality towards visitors. The best time to visit is during the dry season between June and September, when access to waterfalls and hiking trails is in the best condition.

Economy

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Economic Profile of South Bengkulu Regency

South Bengkulu Regency, located in the western part of Bengkulu Province, is a strategic region with a land area of 1,203.77 km². Although geographically bordering the Indian Ocean to its west, the economic characteristics of this region are heavily dominated by a strong agrarian and land-based plantation sector. As a region bordering five neighboring areas—including Seluma, Kaur, and South Sumatra Province—South Bengkulu serves as an inter-provincial economic link.

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Leading Agricultural and Plantation Sectors

The main pillar of South Bengkulu's economy rests on the plantation sector, particularly oil palm and rubber. Palm oil commodities are the main drivers of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), with the presence of several palm oil processing plants (PKS) employing thousands of local workers. Besides palm oil, the region is known as one of the rice bowls in Bengkulu Province, especially in Kedurang and Seginim Districts, which have well-established technical irrigation systems. Uniquely, South Bengkulu also has potential for distinctive robusta coffee in the hilly areas bordering the Bukit Barisan.

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Processing Industry and Local Crafts

The industrial sector in South Bengkulu is dominated by the animal feed processing industry and agricultural product processing. On a medium and small scale, creative industries based on local wisdom are rapidly developing. One of the region's proud products is Kain Batik Sekundang, whose motifs represent the mutual cooperation values of the local community. Additionally, processed food products such as Lempuk Durian (durian dodol) and Pendap have become creative economic commodities that penetrate the national market, providing significant added value for MSME actors.

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Marine and Tourism Sectors

Although the land focus is very strong, its coastal position contributes through the maritime economy. Fishermen in the Pantai Pasar Bawah area and its surroundings contribute to the supply of animal protein and fresh fish trade. In the tourism sector, Pantai Pasar Bawah and Lubuk Sepit are new economic magnets that encourage the growth of the service sector, hotels, and culinary businesses. The development of nature-based tourist villages in the upstream river areas is also being considered as a diversification of regional income sources.

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Infrastructure and Employment

The local government focuses on improving the Trans-Sumatra Western Road infrastructure to facilitate the flow of logistics distribution towards Pulau Baai Port in Bengkulu City or towards Lampung. Employment trends show a shift from the primary agricultural sector towards the service and trade sectors, in line with increasing urbanization in Manna City as a business center. The main challenge faced is the downstream processing of agricultural products so that dependence on global raw commodity prices can be reduced, creating more sustainable economic stability for the people of South Bengkulu.

Demographics

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Demographic Profile of South Bengkulu Regency

South Bengkulu Regency, which is administratively part of Bengkulu Province, has unique demographic characteristics as an agrarian region in the western part of Sumatra Island. With an area of 1,203.77 km², this regency serves as a buffer center for five surrounding regions: Seluma, Kaur, Lahat, Pagar Alam, and Empat Lawang Regencies.

Population Size, Density, and Distribution

Based on the latest data, the population of South Bengkulu is recorded at over 170,000 people. The average population density is around 140 people/km². Population distribution is concentrated in the administrative center, namely Kota Manna and Pasar Manna Districts, which have densities far above the average of the peripheral areas. Conversely, areas like Ulu Manna have lower densities because they are dominated by hilly topography and forest areas.

Ethnic Composition and Cultural Diversity

The demographics of South Bengkulu are dominated by the Serawai Tribe, which is the largest indigenous ethnic group in the region. The Serawai Tribe has a strong influence on the social structure and daily language use. In addition, there are significant populations from migrant tribes such as Javanese, Sundanese, and Minangkabau who have settled since the transmigration era or through independent migration. The harmony between these ethnic groups creates a rich cultural landscape, reflected in the customary traditions still strictly maintained by the local community.

Age Structure and Population Pyramid

South Bengkulu has a young (expansive) population structure, with the productive age group (15-64 years) dominating more than 65% of the total population. This demographic bonus phenomenon is clearly visible with the large potential workforce. The population pyramid shows a wide base in the school-age group, indicating the need for continuous investment in education and employment sectors.

Education and Literacy

The literacy rate in South Bengkulu is considered high, exceeding 95%. This is driven by the widespread distribution of educational facilities up to the village level. However, there are challenges in the distribution of university graduates, where many highly educated young people tend to migrate out to big cities like Bengkulu or Jakarta to seek broader career opportunities.

Urbanization and Migration Dynamics

As a non-coastal area dominated by the agricultural sector (especially oil palm and rubber), the rural-urban dynamics in South Bengkulu are heavily influenced by global commodity prices. There is a circular migration pattern where rural residents move to Manna City for daily economic activities. Out-migration is generally driven by education and job-seeking motives, while in-migration is dominated by plantation workers from outside the region.