Karangkamulyan Site

Origins and Founding Period

Historically, Karangkamulyan is believed to be the first administrative center or capital of the Galuh Kingdom. Based on the ancient manuscript Fragmen Carita Parahyangan, this site is closely linked to the reign of Sang Wretikandayun, who ascended the throne in 612 AD. This period marked Galuh's independence from the weakening influence of the Tarumanagara Kingdom.

Unlike temples in Central or East Java, which are dominated by Hindu-Buddhist influences with grand vertical architecture, Karangkamulyan reflects Sundanese local wisdom in utilizing nature. This site is not a single massive building but a complex consisting of several stone structures (terraced mounds) scattered throughout the forest area, indicating that it was built during the transition from animistic-dynamic beliefs towards early Hindu influences.

Architecture and Construction Details

The architecture at Karangkamulyan Site has a unique characteristic known as "river stone structures." Its primary construction does not use modern cement or adhesives but rather a highly precise stacking and filling technique of stones. Each object within the site is bordered by walls made from piles of coral and river stones, giving rise to the name "Karang" (stone/coral) and "Kamulyan" (glory).

One of the most prominent structures is the Pancalikan (Throne). This is an altar-shaped stone structure used as the king's seat. Additionally, there is the Sanghyang Bedil structure, a rectangular area with stone piles resembling an armory or a place for storing heirlooms. This construction technique demonstrates the engineering prowess of the Galuh people in organizing green open spaces as administrative and spiritual centers.

Historical Significance and Key Events

Karangkamulyan is more than just ruins; it is a silent witness to major events that shaped the political dynamics of Java. The most legendary event is the story of Ciung Wanara. According to local legends and chronicles, this site was the stage for the power struggle between Ciung Wanara and Hariang Banga.

One unique fact at this site is the presence of Cikahuripan, a sacred spring that symbolizes the source of life for the kingdom's inhabitants. There is also an area called Pamoayaan, a place historically used for drying clothes or purification rituals. Another significant event is the legendary "Cockfighting" procession, where Ciung Wanara won a bet against the then King of Galuh, Permana Dikusuma, which ultimately restored Ciung Wanara's claim to the throne.

Central Figures

Besides Sang Wretikandayun, the name Ciung Wanara (Manarah) is a central figure inseparable from Karangkamulyan. He is considered a cultural hero who successfully reuniter the stability of the Galuh Kingdom. Other related figures include Prabu Adimulya and Dewi Naganingrum. The existence of this site confirms that from the 7th to 8th centuries, Ciamis (Galuh) was a center of political power comparable to other major kingdoms in the archipelago. The relationship between Galuh and the Sunda Kingdom in later periods is often referred back to its origin at Karangkamulyan.

Cultural and Religious Importance

For the Sundanese people, Karangkamulyan is a respected Kabuyutan or sacred place. Culturally, this site represents the "Galuh" identity that is still highly cherished by the people of Ciamis today. Every year, various traditional rituals such as Gelar Budaya (Cultural Showcase) are held here to honor ancestors.

Religiously, this site reflects the concept of Jati Sunda (Sundanese Essence) belief, where humans must live in harmony with nature. The site's location at the confluence of two rivers, the Citanduy River and the Cimuntur River (sangapan), is not without reason. In ancient Sundanese cosmology, the confluence of two rivers is considered a sacred place with high spiritual energy for meditation and self-purification.

Preservation and Restoration Status

Currently, Karangkamulyan Site is under the supervision of the Cultural Preservation Center (BPK) Region IX. Conservative restoration efforts are continuously undertaken to maintain the original stone piles and prevent them from being displaced by tree roots or weather factors. The forest surrounding the site is designated as a protected forest, ensuring the preservation of its flora and fauna, including the troop of long-tailed macaques that inhabit the area.

The Ciamis Regency Government has also developed supporting facilities without damaging the core zone of the site. This is done to make Karangkamulyan an educational and historical tourist destination. Historical information boards and well-organized pathways make it easier for researchers and tourists to explore every corner of the heritage without disturbing the integrity of its archaeological structures.

Conclusion of Unique Facts

One historical fact rarely known to the public is that Karangkamulyan Site has a layout resembling a modern city plan with clear zoning between the king's private area, public areas, and military areas. Furthermore, the presence of stones known as "Batu Peribadatan" (Worship Stones) indicates that religious tolerance and syncretism of beliefs were beginning to grow during that period.

Karangkamulyan Site stands as a monument of pride, reminding present generations that on the banks of the Citanduy River, there once stood a civilization that upheld glory, courage, and harmony with the universe. As the root of West Java's identity, the preservation of this site is a collective responsibility to ensure that the history of the Galuh Kingdom is not eroded by time.