Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple

Exploring the Grandeur of Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple Architecture: A Pasuruan Coastal Gem

Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple is more than just a place of worship; it is a living monument that records the traces of Chinese civilization on the north coast of East Java, especially in the city of Pasuruan. Standing majestically near the mouth of the ancient harbor, this building serves as a meeting point between classic oriental aesthetics, colonial history, and the social dynamics of Pasuruan's urban community. Its distinctive architecture makes it one of the most significant cultural icons in East Java Province.

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Historical Context and Strategic Location

Founded around the 17th or 18th century (with major renovations noted in 1894), Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple is located on Jalan Lombok, an area that was once the economic heart of Pasuruan. Its proximity to Tanjung Tembikar Port reflects the traditional function of the temple as a protector of sailors and merchants. Historically, this temple is dedicated to Dewi Ma Cho (Tian Shang Sheng Mu), the sea goddess, which highlights the close relationship of the Pasuruan Chinese community with maritime activities.

The choice of location near the river and port was not without philosophical reasons. In the principles of Feng Shui, the presence of water elements (the river) in front of the building is believed to bring luck and a flow of positive energy (Qi). This makes the building's structure not only physically strong but also spiritually harmonious with its surroundings.

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Architectural Typology and Design Principles

Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple adopts the architectural style of Southern China, particularly the Hokkien style, characterized by sharply curved rooflines and highly detailed decorations. The building follows a traditional Chinese axial and symmetrical spatial layout.

The main structure of the temple consists of several parts: the outer gate, the central courtyard (courtyard), and the main building divided into a front room, a middle room, and the main altar. The principle of open space in the central part (air well or tian jing) allows for natural air circulation and sunlight to enter the incense-filled rooms, a functional innovation that combines religious aspects with thermal comfort.

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Ornamentation Details and Roof Structure

One of the most striking features of Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple is its Yanwei (swallowtail) roof type. The curvature of this roof is decorated with the Chien-nien technique, which is the art of cutting colored ceramics or glass to form mosaics of dragons, phoenixes, and flowers. The dragons facing each other at the roof peak symbolize protection against fire and evil spirits.

The roof construction is supported by the Tou-kung system, which is an arrangement of interlocking wooden beams without the use of iron nails. This system not only functions as a flexible load-bearing structure against earthquake vibrations but also serves as an aesthetic element showcasing the complexity of traditional carpentry. Beneath the roof, there are kirmir or crossbeams adorned with gold-leaf carved wood (prada), depicting fragments of classic Chinese stories such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" (Sam Kok).

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Structural and Material Innovations

Although dominated by high-quality teak wood imported from the interior of Java, Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple also shows the influence of local and colonial materials. The temple floor uses ancient terracotta tiles that provide a cool impression in the hot Pasuruan weather. The tall and thick main gate is reinforced with a traditional wooden hinge mechanism that still functions well today.

Another uniqueness lies in the pair of stone lions (Cishi) guarding the entrance. These statues are intricately carved from granite, reflecting the social strata and prosperity of the community that built them. In addition, there are wall paintings (murals) using natural color pigments, depicting deities and symbols of good fortune that remain vibrant despite being over a century old.

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Cultural Meaning and Spatial Symbolism

Every architectural element in Tjoe Tik Kiong carries a symbolic message. The dominant red color symbolizes happiness and vitality, while the gold color symbolizes glory. In the main hall, the presence of large, unpainted but finely carved support columns signifies material honesty.

This temple also bears witness to cultural acculturation. In some corners of the building, there are touches of ornamentation influenced by Dutch Indies style, such as window shapes or iron grille patterns, indicating that this building grew with the development of the times in Pasuruan. This makes it an example of unique "transitional architecture" on the north coast of Java.

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Social Significance and Visitor Experience

For visitors, entering Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple is a journey through time. The transition from the city's street noise to the tranquility of the inner courtyard provides a dramatic spatial experience. The atmosphere created by the blend of incense aroma, dim lighting from red lanterns, and the shadows of wood carvings creates a deep sense of sacredness.

Currently, Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple functions as a protected Cultural Heritage Site. Besides being a place of worship for Tri Dharma followers, the temple is a center for social and cultural activities, such as Wayang Potehi performances that are often held on a special stage in the front area. This stage itself is an important architectural element rarely found in smaller temples, signifying Tjoe Tik Kiong's status as a major temple in the region.

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Conclusion

Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple in Pasuruan is an architectural masterpiece that transcends its function as a place of worship. It is a blend of ancient Chinese construction techniques, Javanese local wisdom, and the maritime history of the archipelago. Through the details of its swallowtail roof, the strength of its Tou-kung system, and the richness of its philosophy in every corner, this temple stands as a reminder of the nation's diverse identity. Preserving the architecture of Tjoe Tik Kiong means safeguarding an important piece of history that shapes the face of Pasuruan city to this day.