Introduction

In the heart of East Java lies an archaeological gem that offers a rare glimpse into the glorious past of the Majapahit Kingdom: Tikus Temple in Mojokerto. Far more than just ancient stones, Tikus Temple stands as a silent witness to the grandeur of a civilization that once dominated the archipelago. Its unique name, "Tikus" (meaning "mouse"), might sound peculiar for a temple, but the story behind it only adds to the allure of this historical site. Accidentally discovered by farmers in 1914, the temple was later excavated and restored, revealing its distinctive architectural beauty and unique layout. Located in the Trowulan region, believed to be the former capital of Majapahit, Tikus Temple Mojokerto is a must-visit destination for history buffs, culture enthusiasts, and anyone seeking to experience the majestic aura of ancient Indonesian kingdoms. Its existence provides profound insight into the belief systems, construction techniques, and societal life during the Majapahit era, making it more than just a tourist attraction – it's a time capsule preserving a priceless legacy.

History & Background

Tikus Temple in Mojokerto is one of the most intriguing and enigmatic relics of the Majapahit Kingdom. It is strongly believed to have been built in the 14th or 15th century AD, during the peak of Majapahit's power. Its discovery story is quite unique. In 1914, a group of farmers in Mojokerto accidentally unearthed a stone structure buried beneath layers of soil. Initially, they mistook it for a mouse nest due to the large number of rodents emerging from the area, which is how the temple earned the name "Candi Tikus" (Mouse Temple). This discovery was reported to the Dutch East Indies government, which promptly conducted excavations and further research. Restoration efforts were carried out in stages, and by 1985, Tikus Temple Mojokerto was designated as a cultural heritage site.

The location of Tikus Temple in Trowulan, Mojokerto, is highly significant. Trowulan itself is widely believed to be the capital of Majapahit, the center of power and culture that influenced a vast portion of the Nusantara and Southeast Asia. The discovery of other temples in its vicinity, such as Brahu Temple, Bajang Ratu Temple, and Segaran Pool, further solidified Trowulan's identification as the former Majapahit capital. Tikus Temple is presumed to have functioned as a purification site or a place for religious rituals, possibly related to the worship of water or other natural elements, given its unique layout and the presence of surrounding pools.

The architecture of Tikus Temple exhibits characteristic Majapahit features, utilizing red bricks as the primary building material. Unlike other Hindu or Buddhist temples in Central Java that soar skyward, this temple's structure is more akin to a bathing pool or a sacred reservoir surrounded by supporting buildings. This layout creates a different, intimate impression, far removed from the grandeur of monumental temples. Although the precise details of its function remain a subject of debate among archaeologists, Tikus Temple stands as tangible proof of the Majapahit civilization's sophistication in architectural art, urban planning, and their belief systems. Its existence seems to invite us to reflect on the glories of the past and contemplate the traces of civilization that have shaped modern Indonesia. Tikus Temple is not just about stones and bricks, but about stories, philosophy, and an invaluable heritage from one of the greatest kingdoms in Indonesian history.

Main Attractions

Tikus Temple Mojokerto offers a unique and profound experience for every visitor, extending far beyond merely viewing ancient ruins. Its primary marvel lies in its unusual architecture and functional layout, which provide a glimpse into the life and beliefs of the Majapahit people. Here are some of the main attractions that make Tikus Temple so captivating:

Unique Bathing Pool (Petirtaan) Architecture: Unlike typical temples that soar upwards, Tikus Temple resembles more of a pool or a "petirtaan" (royal bathing place). The entire temple complex is enclosed by sturdy red brick walls, forming a rectangular area. In the center lies a pool that was likely once fed by water, surrounded by several stone structures. This layout strongly reflects the importance of water in the life and rituals of the Majapahit people, who probably used it for purification ceremonies or religious rites associated with water elements.

Replica of Mount Mahameru: The central part of Tikus Temple, which rises slightly above the pool's surface, is believed to be a replica of Mount Mahameru, the sacred mountain in Hindu mythology considered the center of the universe. This structure is adorned with small statues resembling deities or mythological creatures, along with intricate carvings that enhance its artistic value. The presence of this mountain replica signifies the close connection between Hindu-Buddhist beliefs and Majapahit cosmology.

Pool and Water System: The pool at the heart of the temple complex is a central element. Archaeological excavations have uncovered a complex system of water channels around it, indicating that this temple played a significant hydraulic role. It's possible that water was used for cleansing rituals, irrigation, or simply as a calming aesthetic and spiritual element. The presence of the pool also lends an air of serenity and peace, a stark contrast to tales of a kingdom filled with intrigue.

Detailed Carvings and Reliefs: While not as abundant as in larger temples, Tikus Temple features several detailed carvings and reliefs on its structural components. These carvings often depict natural motifs, animals, or religious symbols common during the Majapahit era. These small details offer valuable clues about the stone carving art and symbolism used at that time.

Strategic Location in the Trowulan Region: Tikus Temple is situated in Trowulan, the historical center of the Majapahit Kingdom. Visiting Tikus Temple provides an opportunity to explore other nearby Majapahit archaeological sites, such as the Trowulan Museum, Brahu Temple, Bajang Ratu Temple, and Segaran Pool. This experience becomes more comprehensive, allowing visitors to grasp the scale and complexity of the Majapahit capital as a whole.

Tranquil and Peaceful Ambiance: Compared to more crowded historical sites, Tikus Temple often offers a quieter and more peaceful atmosphere. This makes it an ideal place for self-reflection, meditation, or simply enjoying the beauty of ancient architecture in solitude. The lush trees surrounding the area add to the comfort and serenity of the site.

Historical Educational Value: For students, researchers, and history enthusiasts, Tikus Temple is an invaluable learning resource. Its unique architecture, its contextual location in the former Majapahit capital, and the archaeological evidence found all contribute to a richer understanding of one of the most important kingdoms in Indonesian history. Observing these relics firsthand is far more impactful than just reading about them in books.

Every element at Tikus Temple, from its brick structure to the pool's layout, tells a story. It invites visitors to imagine life in the Majapahit era, understand their beliefs, and admire this extraordinary cultural heritage. Tikus Temple is not just an archaeological site; it is a transformative experience that connects us to the historical roots of the nation.

Travel Tips & Logistics

To ensure your visit to Tikus Temple Mojokerto is smooth and enjoyable, here are some travel tips and logistical information to consider:

1. Location and Access:

Address: Tikus Temple is located in Dukuh Dinuk, Temon Village, Trowulan District, Mojokerto Regency, East Java. It is situated within the expansive Trowulan archaeological site.
Access from Surabaya: The journey from Surabaya to Mojokerto takes approximately 1-1.5 hours by private vehicle or public bus. From Mojokerto city center, you can continue your journey to Trowulan.
Access from Mojokerto: From Mojokerto's Alun-alun (town square), follow the signs towards Trowulan. Tikus Temple is located near other Majapahit archaeological sites like the Trowulan Museum and Brahu Temple. You can use maps or navigation apps to guide you.
Local Transportation: In the Trowulan area, you can use becak (pedicabs), ojek (motorcycle taxis), or rent a motorbike to travel between archaeological sites if you don't have your own vehicle. Some sites are a bit distant from each other.

2. Best Time to Visit:

Days: Avoid weekends and national holidays if you prefer a quieter atmosphere. Visiting on weekdays will be more comfortable.
Hours: Tikus Temple is generally open from morning until late afternoon. Exact operating hours should be confirmed before arrival, but they typically range from 08:00 to 17:00.
Season: The dry season (around April to October) offers drier and sunnier weather, ideal for exploring open-air sites. The rainy season (around November to March) can make some areas muddy.
Best Time of Day: Mornings (around 08:00-10:00) or late afternoons (around 15:00-17:00) are ideal for avoiding the midday sun and enjoying softer light for photography.

3. Entrance Fees and Costs:

Ticket Price: The entrance fee for Tikus Temple is very affordable, usually just a few thousand Indonesian Rupiah per person. Prices are subject to change, so have some cash ready.
Cash: Ensure you carry sufficient cash, as not all ticket vendors or small eateries around the site accept digital payments.

4. Facilities and Comfort:

Facilities: Around the Trowulan archaeological site, including Tikus Temple, basic facilities like public restrooms and a few food stalls or souvenir vendors are usually available. However, these facilities might be limited, so be prepared.
Drinking Water: Bring an adequate supply of drinking water, especially if you visit during hot weather. You can buy it at nearby stalls, but bringing your own from home is more reliable.
Clothing: Wear comfortable, loose-fitting, and breathable clothing. Use a hat or umbrella to protect yourself from the sun. Comfortable walking shoes are also highly recommended.
Insect Repellent: Given its name "Tikus Temple" and its proximity to nature, it's advisable to bring mosquito repellent or insect lotion, although insect disturbances are usually not severe.

5. Experience and Visiting Etiquette:

Engage a Local Guide: If you wish to gain a deeper understanding of Tikus Temple's history and significance, consider hiring a local guide. They are usually available near the main site entrances or the Trowulan Museum.
Respect the Historical Site: Tikus Temple is a valuable historical site. Maintain cleanliness, do not litter, and refrain from climbing or damaging the temple structures. Adhere to the rules applicable at the site.
Photography: Take photos to capture memories, but avoid excessive flash use that can damage ancient materials or disturb other visitors.
Combine Your Visit: Tikus Temple is part of the larger Trowulan complex. Plan to visit several other archaeological sites in one day to get a comprehensive picture of Majapahit's glory.

6. Safety:

Belongings: Keep your valuables secure. Although the area is generally safe, remain vigilant.
Emergency Contacts: Keep important contact numbers, such as local police or emergency services, handy in case of need.

With careful planning and by following the tips above, your visit to Tikus Temple Mojokerto will be an informative, enjoyable, and unforgettable experience—a journey back to the golden age of Majapahit.

Cuisine & Local Experience

Exploring Tikus Temple Mojokerto not only delights the eyes with historical beauty but also offers an opportunity to savor the rich culinary delights and authentic local experiences of East Java. After absorbing the aura of Majapahit, it's time to indulge your taste buds and interact with the surrounding culture.

1. Local Cuisine of Mojokerto and Surroundings:

Gudeg Mojokerto: Unlike the sweeter Gudeg of Yogyakarta, Gudeg Mojokerto offers a more savory and spicier flavor profile. Made from young jackfruit cooked with coconut milk and spice blends, it's served with white rice, free-range chicken, and "sambal goreng krecek" (stewed beef skin crackers in chili sauce). This is a must-try dish when in Mojokerto.
Ayam Cungur: Another local specialty worth tasting is Ayam Cungur. Free-range chicken prepared with a distinctive spicy-sweet sauce, usually served with rice and fresh "lalapan" (raw vegetables).
Mojokerto Style Satay: Satay in Mojokerto has its own unique characteristics, often using a thinner and slightly sweeter peanut sauce, or the distinct East Javanese "petis" (shrimp paste) sauce. Their chicken or lamb satay is always a delicious choice.
Nasi Goreng Jancuk: Despite its somewhat informal name, Nasi Goreng Jancuk is a legendary dish from Surabaya that is also popular in Mojokerto. It's a large portion of fried rice with adjustable spiciness, typically served with a fried egg and crackers.
Assorted Traditional Snacks (Jajanan Pasar): In traditional markets in Trowulan or Mojokerto, you can find a variety of tempting traditional snacks, such as "onde-onde" (sesame balls filled with mung bean paste), "getuk" (cassava cake), "klepon" (glutinous rice balls with palm sugar filling), and various other sweet cakes. This is a delightful way to taste local flavors at affordable prices.

2. Interesting Local Experiences:

Interact with Local Vendors: The small eateries around the Trowulan archaeological sites are often run by local residents. Engaging with them, asking about their daily lives or local history, can provide valuable insights and a more personal experience.
Visit Traditional Markets: If time permits, visit a traditional market in Mojokerto or the surrounding villages of Trowulan. You can see various local produce, handicrafts, and feel the pulse of daily local life.
Taste Local Beverages: Besides food, try local drinks like "wedang jahe" (ginger herbal drink) or various herbal concoctions sold at local stalls. These drinks are not only refreshing but also have health benefits.
Buy Local Souvenirs: In some areas around Trowulan, you might find vendors selling local handicrafts or small replicas of Majapahit artifacts. These can make unique and meaningful souvenirs.
Enjoy the Rural Atmosphere: The Trowulan region still retains a strong rural ambiance. Simply enjoy the calm atmosphere, admire the expanse of rice fields, and listen to the sounds of nature. It's a perfect escape from the hustle and bustle of the city.

Additional Tips:

Ask Locals: Don't hesitate to ask local residents for recommendations on dining spots or other interesting experiences. They are usually very friendly and happy to share information.
Prepare Cash: Most small eateries and souvenir vendors in this area prefer cash payments.
Be Flexible: Come with an open and flexible mind. Local experiences often arise from unexpected moments.

By combining the historical exploration of Tikus Temple with culinary adventures and local interactions, your visit to Mojokerto will be richer, more memorable, and provide a complete picture of East Java's beauty, both from the past and the present.

Conclusion

Tikus Temple Mojokerto is more than just an archaeological site; it is a window into the greatness of the Majapahit Kingdom, a civilization that once dominated the archipelago. With its unique bathing pool architecture, strategic location in the former Majapahit capital, and captivating historical narrative, this temple offers a profound experience for every visitor. From admiring architectural details to contemplating the philosophies behind them, Tikus Temple invites us to connect with our ancestral heritage. This experience is further enriched by exploring the delicious local cuisine and experiencing the warmth of the surrounding community. Visiting Tikus Temple is a journey not just through space, but also through time, an eternal reminder of past glories that continue to inspire Indonesia's present and future. Don't miss the opportunity to witness this wonder of the Majapahit legacy for yourself.

Tikus Temple Mojokerto: A Majapahit Legacy Wonder