Explore the Royal History of Buton Sultanate, Sulawesi Island

Introduction

Welcome to a comprehensive guide to exploring one of the hidden gems of Eastern Indonesia: the Royal Palace of the Buton Sultanate on Sulawesi Island. Located in Baubau City, Southeast Sulawesi Province, this historical site is more than just ancient ruins; it's a gateway to understanding the glorious past of a once-influential maritime sultanate. The Buton Sultanate, which stood strong for centuries, has left behind a rich legacy of civilization, from its unique governance system and magnificent architecture to its noble traditions that are still preserved today. For history buffs, culture enthusiasts, and adventurers, the Buton Palace offers an unforgettable experience.

This article will guide you through the corridors of time, uncovering the stories of the sultans, understanding its complex social structure, and appreciating the uniqueness of its architectural heritage. Prepare to be mesmerized by the world's largest palace fortress, unravel the mysteries behind ancient inscriptions, and feel the pulse of the Butonese people, who are deeply rooted in their ancestral heritage. Let us embark on this epic journey, delving into the depths of history and the beauty of the Buton Sultanate's culture, a heritage worth preserving and sharing.

History & Background

The Sultanate of Buton, a significant political and cultural entity in Eastern Nusantara, boasts a long history that began in the pre-Islamic era. Its establishment is traditionally attributed to the arrival of four brothers from the Malay land in the 13th century, who later became known as "Mia Patamiana" (The Four Honored Ones). They are said to have formed the foundations of the social and governmental order on Buton Island. Initially, Buton was not a sultanate but a system of leadership called "Li Liwu" and "Bhatara," which was federative in nature.

The Islamization process of the Buton Sultanate began in the early 16th century. A crucial moment occurred in 1542 AD (or 950 Hijriah), when Sultan Murhum Kaimuddin Khalifatul Khamis, the first sultan to embrace Islam, officially established the Buton Sultanate. This event marked a significant transition from a traditional leadership system to a sultanate based on Islamic teachings. From then on, Buton developed into a respected center of maritime power, controlling vital trade routes in the Banda Sea and its surrounding areas. Its territory expanded widely, covering most of Buton Island, Muna, Kabaena, and surrounding islands, with its influence even reaching the mainland of Southeast Sulawesi.

The governance system of the Buton Sultanate was highly unique and complex. Supreme power rested with the Sultan, but he was assisted by a council of advisors comprising high-ranking officials with specific roles. One of the most prominent features was the "Batas" system, or strict division of territorial authority, along with an organized bureaucratic structure. The sultanate was also known for its written legal system, which reflected a blend of customary law and Islamic law. Ancient inscriptions still found in the palace complex are authentic evidence of the continuity of this governmental and religious system.

Over the centuries, the Buton Sultanate faced various challenges, including trade competition with foreign powers and the intervention of the Dutch colonialists. Despite this, the sultanate managed to maintain its existence until the early 20th century. Finally, in 1960, the Buton Sultanate was officially dissolved, and its territory was incorporated into the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. However, its cultural and historical legacy remains alive, manifested in the magnificent architecture of the palace, the traditions meticulously preserved by the community, and the identity of the Butonese people, who are proud of their sultanate roots. The Buton Palace site in Baubau now stands as a silent witness to past glory and is an important destination for anyone wishing to understand Indonesia's maritime history.

Main Attractions

The heart of the Buton Sultanate's history lies within its magnificent palace complex in Baubau City. This site offers a variety of stunning and historically rich relics. Here are the main attractions you must explore:

1. Buton Palace Fortress (Wolio Fortress)

This is the crown jewel of the entire complex. The Buton Palace Fortress, also known as Wolio Fortress, was recognized as the largest fortress in the world by UNESCO in 2006. It spans approximately 45 hectares with defensive walls stretching over 2 kilometers. Built gradually from the 16th to the 19th century, this fortress not only served as physical defense against enemy attacks but also as the administrative, religious, and social center of the Buton Sultanate.

The fortress's structure is truly impressive, made of limestone meticulously arranged without the use of cement. It features numerous watchtowers, sturdy gates, and internal spaces that were once used for various purposes. Walking along the fortress walls provides an extraordinary perspective on the scale and power of the sultanate in the past. From the top of the fortress, you can enjoy panoramic views of Baubau City and a section of the beautiful Buton Strait. Within the fortress lies a community that still inhabits it today, demonstrating a continuity of life intertwined with history.

2. Grand Mosque of Buton Palace (Al-Amin Mosque)

Located within the fortress complex, the Grand Mosque of Buton Palace, often called Al-Amin Mosque, was the spiritual center of the sultanate. Built during the early period of the sultanate, this mosque features an architectural style that blends traditional Butonese elements with Islamic influences. Its uniqueness lies in its distinctive minaret, which does not resemble typical mosque minarets but rather resembles a fortress watchtower.

The mosque's interior still retains an atmosphere of simplicity yet profound significance, with a beautiful carved wooden pulpit and calligraphy adorning its walls. This mosque has witnessed numerous pivotal events in the sultanate's history, from coronation ceremonies to daily prayers. Visiting this mosque offers an opportunity to experience spiritual tranquility and reflect on the long history of Islam's spread in Buton.

3. Sultan's Palace (Badarudin)

Within the palace complex, you will find the remnants of the palace where the Sultans of Buton resided and governed. Although most of the palace buildings are no longer intact as they once were, the foundations and some remaining structures still provide an idea of the palace's former grandeur and layout. One of the visible parts includes the throne room and the sultan's residential area.

Pay attention to the intricate carvings and the spatial arrangement that reflect the social hierarchy and culture of Buton. While not as grand as European royal palaces, the Buton palace possesses its own unique characteristics that embody local wisdom and the distinctive architectural style of Southeast Sulawesi. Today, some parts of the palace complex have been restored to serve as mini-museums showcasing sultanate artifacts.

4. Inscriptions and Historical Artifacts

One of the greatest treasures at the Buton Palace is its collection of inscriptions and historical artifacts. These stone or metal inscriptions contain writings in Arabic-Malay (Jawi) and local Butonese scripts, recording various regulations, sultan lineages, treaties, and other significant events. The famous "Wolio" inscription is an invaluable primary source for understanding the history and governance system of the sultanate.

In addition to inscriptions, there are also various artifacts such as krises, jewelry, royal household items, ancient manuscripts, and other heirlooms displayed in local museums or at various points within the palace complex. These items provide deep insights into the daily life, technology, art, and beliefs of the Butonese people during the sultanate era.

5. Tombs of Sultans and Important Figures

In the areas surrounding the palace, you will find the tombs of the Sultans of Buton and other important figures. These tombs often have unique tombstones with distinctive carvings containing specific symbolism. The presence of these tombs serves as a reminder of the leaders who shaped Buton's history and a place to honor the ancestors.

6. Palace Museum

To help visitors understand the history and existing collections, many artifacts and important information are gathered in the Palace Museum. This museum serves as an excellent information center, displaying various sultanate relics, from weaponry, traditional attire, musical instruments, to replicas of the sultanate's territorial maps. With informative guides, this museum helps visitors piece together the historical fragments into a complete picture.

7. Local Community Life

One of the equally important attractions is interacting with the community that still resides within the palace fortress. They are the direct descendants of the nobility and the people of the sultanate. Observing their daily lives, listening to stories from elders, and seeing how traditions are still maintained provide an authentic cultural experience. You might have the chance to witness traditional art performances or customary ceremonies if you are fortunate.

Exploring the Buton Palace is a multi-sensory journey. Every corner holds a story, every stone is a silent witness, and every tradition is a precious heritage. This experience not only imparts historical knowledge but also fosters a deep appreciation for Indonesia's rich cultural heritage.

Travel Tips & Logistics

Planning a trip to the Buton Sultanate Palace in Baubau, Southeast Sulawesi, requires some logistical preparations to ensure your experience is more comfortable and optimal. Here is a comprehensive guide:

How to Get to Baubau

1. By Air: The most efficient way to reach Baubau is by air. The nearest airport is Betoambari Airport (BUW) in Baubau. You can fly from major cities in Indonesia like Jakarta (CGK), Makassar (UPG), or Surabaya (SUB) with transits in those cities. Airlines such as Garuda Indonesia, Lion Air, and Citilink typically serve these routes.

• Tip: Book your tickets well in advance, especially during holiday seasons, to get the best prices. Check flight schedules as frequencies may not be daily.

2. By Sea: Another alternative is to take a ship from major ports like Makassar or Kendari. Pelni (National Shipping Company of Indonesia) is the main operator serving these routes. Sea travel offers a different view but takes longer.

• Tip: If you have more time and want to enjoy a more relaxed travel experience, sea transport can be an interesting option. Be sure to check Pelni's ship schedules on their website.

Accommodation in Baubau

Baubau offers a range of accommodation options, from star-rated hotels to simpler guesthouses.

• Hotels: There are several hotels in Baubau city center offering complete facilities and comfort. Some popular choices include Hotel Mira, Plaza Inn, and Hotel Nirwana.
• Price Range: Starting from IDR 300,000 to IDR 700,000 per night, depending on facilities and room type.
• Guesthouses/Losmen: For budget travelers, more affordable guesthouses or losmen are also available.
• Price Range: Starting from IDR 150,000 to IDR 300,000 per night.
• Tip: Book your accommodation in advance, especially if you are visiting during peak season or special events. A strategic location near the city center or close to transportation access will facilitate your mobility.

Local Transportation

Within Baubau City and to reach the Buton Palace, you can use:

• Ojek (Motorcycle Taxi): This is the most common and flexible mode of transportation for short to medium distances. You can easily find ojek drivers on almost every street corner.
• Fare: Negotiate the fare before getting on. The estimated fare to the Buton Palace from the city center is around IDR 15,000 - IDR 25,000.
• Becak Motor (Bentor): Similar to a becak but powered by a motorcycle engine, bentors are suitable for leisurely rides within the city.
• Taxis: Taxi availability might be limited, but some larger hotels may have taxi services or can help you book one.
• Vehicle Rental: If you plan to explore wider areas around Baubau or want more freedom, renting a motorcycle or car could be an option. Inquire about availability at hotels or local agents.

Best Time to Visit

• Dry Season (April - September): This period generally has drier and clearer weather, ideal for exploring outdoor sites like the fortress.
• Avoid Rainy Season (October - March): Although still visitable, heavy rain can disrupt outdoor activities and make some areas muddy.
• Special Events: If possible, plan your visit to coincide with local traditional ceremonies or festivals, which are usually held during specific months. This will provide a richer cultural experience.

Entrance Fees and Operating Hours

• Palace Entrance Fee: The entrance fee to the Buton Sultanate Palace complex is generally very affordable, usually around IDR 5,000 - IDR 10,000 per person. Additional fees may apply for museums or special areas.
• Operating Hours: The palace complex is open to the public all day. However, museums and some supporting buildings usually have specific operating hours, generally from morning to afternoon (around 08:00 - 17:00 WITA).
• Tip: It is best to visit in the morning or late afternoon to avoid the scorching sun, especially when exploring the vast fortress.

Etiquette and Dress Code

• Respectful Conduct: Given that this is a historical site and also a place where some people live, dress modestly. Avoid overly revealing clothing.
• Respect Customs: If you have the opportunity to interact with local people or traditional leaders, show respect. Ask for permission before taking photos of people or sacred places.
• Health: Bring basic first-aid supplies, sunscreen, a hat, and sufficient drinking water, especially when exploring the extensive fortress under the hot sun.

Language

Indonesian is the common language used and understood. Local people also speak the Butonese dialect, but Indonesian is generally sufficient for daily communication.

With proper planning, your visit to the Buton Sultanate Palace will be a satisfying and meaningful experience. Happy exploring this extraordinary historical heritage!

Cuisine & Local Experience

A trip to the Buton Sultanate Palace is incomplete without savoring the rich culinary delights and experiencing the unique local life in Baubau. The Butonese people have a delicious culinary tradition, influenced by the abundant seafood and distinctive Indonesian spices.

Butonese Specialties

1. Grilled Fish & Yellow Fish Curry: As a coastal region, fresh fish is a staple in Buton. Grilled fish with savory spice marinades or a rich, tangy yellow fish curry are favorites among many. These dishes are typically served with warm white rice and dabu-dabu or colo-colo chili sauce.

2. Kasoami: This is a traditional Butonese staple food made from grated cassava, squeezed to remove its water, and then steamed until cooked. Kasoami has a dense texture and a slightly sweet taste, often served as a substitute for rice or as a side dish.

3. Kalo-Kalo: Similar to kasoami, kalo-kalo is also made from grated cassava but is shaped into small balls and then fried or boiled. It has a savory taste and is suitable as a snack or side dish.

4. Kue Paranggi: This sweet traditional cake is made from glutinous rice flour, palm sugar, and grated coconut. Its unique shape, resembling a parang (machete), gives it its name. Its fragrant aroma and rich, sweet taste make it a popular souvenir.

5. Sate Banjar: Despite its name "Banjar," this satay is quite popular in Buton. It is usually made from chicken or goat meat, grilled with a rich, distinctive spice blend.

Authentic Local Experiences

1. Interact with the Local Community: One of the best ways to understand Butonese culture is by talking to the local residents. Visit traditional markets in Baubau, such as Pasar Tradisional Laino, to observe daily activities and sample local snacks. Elders around the palace are often willing to share stories about the sultanate's history and traditions.

2. Witness Cultural Performances: If you are fortunate, you might witness traditional Butonese dance performances, such as the Lakoa Dance or Praja Dance. These dances often tell stories of heroism or the daily lives of the Butonese people.

3. Visit Local Artisans: Some artisans in Baubau still produce beautiful traditional Butonese woven fabrics with distinctive motifs. Visiting their workshops can provide insight into the production process and the art of Butonese weaving.

4. Enjoy the View from the Fortress Summit: Beyond its historical significance, the fortress offers breathtaking natural scenery. Enjoy the sunset from the top of the fortress for a serene and romantic experience.

5. Learn a Little Local Language: Although Indonesian is widely spoken, trying to utter a few basic phrases in Butonese (e.g., "thank you" - "terima kasi") will be greatly appreciated by the locals and open doors to warmer interactions.

Savoring the cuisine and engaging in local activities will enrich your experience in Buton, connecting you more deeply with the spirit and heritage of this magnificent sultanate.

Conclusion

The Buton Sultanate Palace on Sulawesi Island is an extraordinary destination, offering a perfect blend of rich history, profound culture, and stunning natural beauty. This site is not merely old structures but the vibrant pulse of a once-prosperous maritime civilization, leaving an invaluable legacy for Indonesia. From the remarkably sturdy fortress, the world's largest, to the ancient inscriptions whispering tales of the past, every element at the Buton Palace invites us to reflect and appreciate the glory of our ancestors.

A journey here will provide unique insights into the governance system, beliefs, and life of the Butonese people. With the right travel tips, you can comfortably explore this historical site, enjoy delicious local cuisine, and experience the warmth of the local community. The Buton Palace is tangible proof that history can live on and continue to inspire. Let us make your visit a moment to learn, appreciate, and preserve this precious cultural heritage of our nation.