Introduction

Welcome to a journey through the corridors of time, to the heart of the legendary Majapahit civilization. Mojokerto, East Java, holds captivating remnants of past glory, one of which is Tikus Temple in Trowulan. More than just ancient stones, Tikus Temple is a window into the life, beliefs, and architecture of the Majapahit Kingdom, which once stood as a dominant power in the archipelago. The name "Tikus Temple" itself might sound unique, even a bit intriguing, but behind this name lies a historical site rich in meaning and beauty. This site is not only important for historians and archaeologists but also offers a profound experience for every visitor wishing to feel the pulse of Indonesian history. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore every corner of Tikus Temple, delve into its rich history, admire its distinctive architecture, and feel its magical atmosphere. Prepare to be mesmerized by the enduring legacy of Majapahit in Trowulan, Mojokerto.

History & Background

Tikus Temple, located in Trowulan District, Mojokerto Regency, East Java, is one of the most significant archaeological relics from the Majapahit Kingdom era. The Majapahit Kingdom, which reigned from approximately the 13th to the 15th centuries AD, is known as one of the largest maritime empires in Indonesian history, with its influence extending throughout the archipelago and even to Southeast Asia. Trowulan itself was the strategic capital of Majapahit, a bustling center of governance, trade, and culture.

The discovery of Tikus Temple occurred serendipitously in 1914 by local farmers working on their land. At the time, the temple was buried under soil and overgrown with vegetation, making its appearance unclear. Initial restoration and excavation efforts were carried out by the Dutch East Indies government in 1924, followed by the Indonesian Antiquities Service after independence. The name "Tikus Temple" emerged because when it was first discovered, the site was heavily inhabited by rats, which made the stone ruins their nests. This name, though simple, has become the identity marker for this historical site to this day.

Based on architectural analysis and artifact findings, experts estimate that Tikus Temple was built during the late Majapahit period, possibly around the 15th century AD. The exact function of this temple remains a subject of debate among archaeologists. Some theories suggest that Tikus Temple served as a place of worship, a resting place for kings or royal family members, or even as a pura (Hindu place of worship) with a specific function in religious rituals. The presence of a water pool surrounding the temple further strengthens the hypothesis that this temple had ties to water elements, which are often associated with purity and cleansing rituals in Hindu beliefs.

The unique structure of Tikus Temple, situated below ground level and surrounded by a moat or pool, distinguishes it from other temples that are generally erected on hills or higher ground. This design demonstrates the sophistication of construction techniques and spatial planning during the Majapahit era. The discovery of various statue fragments, reliefs, and orderly brick structures further enriches our understanding of the complexity of this site. Tikus Temple is not just a silent witness to Majapahit's glory but also tangible proof of its society's extraordinary capabilities in architecture, art, and spirituality. Understanding its history is the first step towards appreciating the value of the cultural heritage it contains.

Main Attractions

Entering the complex of Tikus Temple in Trowulan, Mojokerto, is like stepping back into the golden age of Majapahit. The main charm of this site lies in its unique architectural design and the philosophy behind it, reflecting the worldview of Majapahit society. Let's delve into the main attractions that make Tikus Temple so special:

1. Underwater Complex and Subterranean Structure

The most striking feature of Tikus Temple is its location below ground level, surrounded by a vast pool, which is now partially filled with earth but still retains its shape. This pool, likely once filled with water, creates the impression of a "water garden" or "sacred lake" encircling the temple's main structure. The temple structure itself is made of sturdy red brick arrangements, typical of Majapahit architecture. The central part of the temple has a square plan, with stairs leading to the top. This uniqueness is often interpreted as a representation of Mount Meru (the sacred mountain) surrounded by the cosmic ocean, a common concept in Hindu cosmology.

2. Distinctive Majapahit Architecture

The architecture of Tikus Temple showcases the refined and detailed characteristics of Majapahit craftsmanship. The temple walls are adorned with simple yet elegant carvings, although many have been eroded by time. You will find ornaments such as Kala heads (mythological creatures warding off evil spirits), geometric motifs, and sometimes relief fragments depicting daily life or mythological stories. The temple's tiered structure, with increasingly smaller platforms towards the top, demonstrates the skill of Majapahit architects in creating harmonious and proportional structures. The use of red brick as the primary material lends a warm and authentic feel to the entire building.

3. Statue and Relief Fragments

Although not many complete statues have been found at Tikus Temple, the site preserves various statue and relief fragments that provide insight into Majapahit sculpture. Some fragments of Hindu deities, such as Ganesha or Durga, may have once adorned this temple. Additionally, findings like relief fragments depicting floral motifs, animals, or even human figures, showcase a high artistic quality. These fragments are now partly stored at the Trowulan archaeological museum for preservation and further study, but their presence at the original site still provides important historical context.

4. Covered Well (Sumur Gumuling)

Another interesting feature often associated with Tikus Temple, although located slightly apart but still within the broader Trowulan archaeological site, is "Sumur Gumuling" (Gumuling Well). This structure resembles a tunnel well adorned with carvings and has corridors around it. Its function is believed to have been for storing holy water, meditation, or even as part of more complex religious rituals. While not an integral part of the main temple building, Sumur Gumuling adds to the spiritual and architectural richness of the area.

5. Spiritual and Historical Ambiance

More than just stones and bricks, Tikus Temple emanates a strong spiritual and historical aura. Standing amidst the ruins of a temple that was once the center of a civilization, you can feel the whispers of the past. The tranquility of the atmosphere, combined with the beauty of ancient architecture, creates a meditative experience. Visitors often feel a connection to history, imagining the lives of the kings, priests, and people of Majapahit who once frequented this place. The presence of lush trees and cool air adds to the comfort when exploring this site.

6. Trowulan Archaeological Center

Tikus Temple is part of the vast Trowulan Archaeological Site Complex, which includes other important sites such as Brahu Temple, Bajang Ratu Temple, and the Majapahit Museum. By visiting Tikus Temple, you have the opportunity to explore more of Majapahit's heritage, gaining a more holistic understanding of this glorious kingdom. Its strategic location makes it easily accessible from other sites in Trowulan.

Exploring Tikus Temple is an experience rich in knowledge, beauty, and spirituality. Every architectural detail, every historical fragment, invites us to reflect on Indonesia's glorious past.

Travel Tips & Logistics

Planning your visit to Tikus Temple in Trowulan, Mojokerto, is crucial to ensure a smooth and enjoyable experience. To make your trip memorable and informative, here are some travel and logistics tips to consider:

1. Best Time to Visit

Weekdays: Tikus Temple tends to be less crowded on regular weekdays (Monday-Friday). This provides an opportunity for you to enjoy the site more peacefully, take photos without interruption, and immerse yourself in the historical atmosphere more leisurely.
Morning or Late Afternoon: Visits in the morning (around 08:00-11:00) or late afternoon (around 15:00-17:00) are highly recommended. During these times, the air temperature is cooler, and the sun is not too harsh, making it more comfortable to walk around and explore the temple complex.
Avoid Extreme Weather: The rainy season (around October-April) can bring heavy downpours that might disrupt your visit. The dry season (around May-September) is generally more ideal, but still be prepared for the sun's heat.

2. Transportation Access

From Surabaya or Malang: Tikus Temple can be reached from major cities like Surabaya (approx. 1-1.5 hours travel) or Malang (approx. 1.5-2 hours travel) by road. Use a private vehicle, taxi, or car rental service.
From Mojokerto City: If you are in Mojokerto City, the distance is shorter (approx. 30-45 minutes). You can use a private vehicle or a motorcycle taxi (ojek).
Local Transportation: Upon arrival in the Trowulan area, you might need to use local transportation like ojek or becak (cycle rickshaw) to reach the actual temple location from the main road.
Navigation: Use digital map applications like Google Maps for accurate directions. Search for "Candi Tikus Trowulan".

3. Entrance Tickets and Operating Hours

Ticket Prices: The entrance fee for Tikus Temple is generally very affordable, usually ranging from Rp 5,000 to Rp 10,000 per person for domestic tourists. Prices may vary slightly for international tourists.
Opening Hours: Tikus Temple is typically open daily, from morning until late afternoon, around 08:00 to 17:00 or 18:00.
Further Information: It's always good to check the latest information regarding ticket prices and operating hours on the local tourism department's official website or through reliable sources before your visit.

4. Facilities and Preparation

Toilets and Resting Areas: Public toilet facilities are available near the temple area. There are also several areas for resting or sitting.
Drinking Water: Bring sufficient drinking water, especially if visiting during a hot afternoon. You can also purchase bottled water at small stalls around the site.
Attire: Wear comfortable, breathable, and modest clothing. Comfortable walking shoes are also highly recommended.
Additional Gear: Bring a hat or umbrella for protection from the sun. Sunglasses can also be helpful.
Site Keepers: There will be site keepers or staff ready to assist and provide basic information. Don't hesitate to ask.

5. Etiquette and Safety

Respect the Historical Site: Maintain the cleanliness of the temple complex. Do not litter, damage the structures, or take any artifacts.
Dress Modestly: Although not as strict as in active places of worship, dressing modestly is still appreciated as a form of respect for the historical site.
Personal Belonging Safety: As with any tourist spot, always keep your valuables secure.
Information from Local Guides: Consider hiring a local guide (if available) for more in-depth explanations about the history and significance of Tikus Temple.

6. Exploring the Surroundings

Majapahit Museum: It is highly recommended to visit the Majapahit Museum, located not far from Tikus Temple. This museum houses many important artifacts found in Trowulan, including fragments from Tikus Temple itself, which will provide a richer visual context.
Other Archaeological Sites: Take advantage of your visit to explore other Majapahit archaeological sites in Trowulan, such as Brahu Temple, Bajang Ratu Temple, and Kolam Segaran (Segaran Pool).

With thorough preparation, your visit to Tikus Temple will be an unforgettable experience, filled with historical insights and Indonesian cultural beauty.

Cuisine & Local Experience

A trip to Tikus Temple in Trowulan, Mojokerto, is not just about tracing historical footprints but also about experiencing the local culture, including its cuisine. After a satisfying exploration of Majapahit's grandeur, it's time to indulge your taste buds with delicious and authentic Mojokerto specialties.

1. Mojokerto's Signature Cuisine

Mojokerto boasts a variety of culinary delights worth trying, many of which are traditional dishes passed down through generations. Some of the most popular include:

Nasi Goreng Jariyah: This is one of Mojokerto's culinary icons. This fried rice has a distinctive flavor, often cooked with a secret recipe that sets it apart from ordinary fried rice. Another uniqueness is its presentation, sometimes still using traditional cooking utensils.
Onde-onde Ketawa: Don't miss Mojokerto's famous onde-onde (sesame balls), known for their crispy exterior and soft interior, along with a perfectly balanced sweet taste. Their "laughing" appearance makes them easily recognizable.
Gethuk Pisang: A sweet snack made from mashed bananas, mixed with sugar and grated coconut, then wrapped in banana leaves and steamed. It has a chewy texture and a fragrant aroma.
Ayam Panggang Trawulan: In the Trowulan area, you can find small eateries serving grilled chicken with a special marinade that permeates perfectly. Served with warm rice and chili paste, it's a delicious lunch option.
Sate & Bakso: Like in many parts of East Java, satay and meatballs are very popular in Mojokerto. You can find various types of chicken satay, lamb satay, and meatballs with savory broth.

2. Local Experiences Around Trowulan

Besides cuisine, there are several local experiences you can have around Tikus Temple and Trowulan:

Interact with Local Residents: The community around Trowulan is generally friendly and open. Don't hesitate to ask about the history of the site or their daily lives. You might hear interesting stories not recorded in history books.
Buy Local Souvenirs: At several points in Trowulan, you can find stalls or shops selling typical Mojokerto souvenirs, such as simple handicrafts, traditional snacks, or other local products. Onde-onde ketawa is the most sought-after souvenir.
Visit a Traditional Market: If time permits, visit a local traditional market to experience the daily life of Mojokerto residents. You can see various agricultural products, market snacks, and interact directly with the vendors.
Observe Rural Life: Trowulan is a rural area that still strongly reflects its agrarian nature. A leisurely stroll around the temple area can provide insight into the life of rural communities in East Java.
Learn About Local Crafts (if available): Sometimes, in cultural tourism areas like Trowulan, there are communities or individuals producing handicrafts. If you have the opportunity, visit and support them.

3. Dining Recommendations

Around Tikus Temple and Trowulan, you will find simple eateries serving local dishes. Some larger restaurants are also available in Mojokerto city center. For an authentic experience, look for roadside warungs (eateries) frequented by locals. Ask for recommendations from site keepers or local residents to discover hidden culinary gems.

Savoring Mojokerto's specialties after exploring Tikus Temple will complete your cultural experience. It's a perfect way to appreciate Majapahit's heritage while enjoying the rich local flavors.

Conclusion

Tikus Temple in Trowulan, Mojokerto, is an invaluable historical gem. More than just ancient ruins, this site is tangible proof of the glory of the Majapahit Kingdom, a civilization that once dominated the archipelago. From its unique architecture with a pool surrounding the subterranean structure to the spiritual meaning embedded within, Tikus Temple offers a profound experience for every visitor. Exploring this site provides an opportunity to connect directly with the past, imagine life in the Majapahit era, and admire the sophistication of its society's technology and art. A visit to Tikus Temple also serves as a gateway to further understand the vast Trowulan archaeological site complex, which holds so many historical secrets. With the right travel tips and an appreciation for local culture, including its cuisine, your journey to Tikus Temple will be a complete and satisfying experience. Tikus Temple is an eternal reminder of Indonesia's great heritage, a must-visit destination for anyone interested in history, culture, and the wonders of the past.

Exploring Majapahit's Glory at Tikus Temple, Trowulan Mojokerto