Introduction

Welcome to Trowulan, the spiritual and political heart of the Majapahit Kingdom, one of the greatest maritime empires in Nusantara's history. Located in Mojokerto, East Java, Trowulan is more than just ancient ruins; it's a time capsule preserving tales of glory, advanced civilization, and a proud cultural heritage for Indonesia. For history buffs, archaeologists, and cultural explorers, Trowulan offers an unforgettable experience. Here, you can tread the paths of kings, nobles, and commoners who lived millennia ago, envisioning the grandeur of palaces, the bustle of markets, and the serenity of temples that now only leave behind magnificent remnants.

This article will take you on a journey through the wonders of Trowulan, from its obscure beginnings to its golden age, exploring the main attractions that are must-visits, and providing practical guidance to make your exploration even more memorable. Prepare to be mesmerized by the Majapahit legacy scattered across various archaeological sites, museums, and monuments that stand as silent witnesses to past glory. Let's begin our adventure to unveil the mysteries of Trowulan, delving deeper into the kingdom that shaped this nation's identity.

History & Background

The Majapahit Kingdom stands as the crown jewel of Nusantara's civilization, reaching its zenith between the 13th and 15th centuries AD. Centered in the region now known as Trowulan, Mojokerto, East Java, Majapahit was not just a kingdom but a maritime empire whose influence stretched from Sumatra to Papua, and even beyond Nusantara. Founded by Raden Wijaya in 1293 AD, Majapahit inherited the spirit and traditions of previous kingdoms but managed to develop them into a unique political and cultural entity.

Trowulan's role as the capital of Majapahit was crucial. Based on historical records and archaeological findings, Trowulan was the center of government, economy, and culture. The city is estimated to have had an organized urban layout, with water canals crisscrossing its territory, magnificent palaces, places of worship, residential areas, and bustling markets. The Brantas River was the lifeblood of Trowulan, facilitating trade and transportation. Life in Trowulan during that era is described as dynamic, religious, and possessing a high level of civilization.

The golden age of Majapahit is often associated with the reign of Hayam Wuruk (1350-1389 AD) and Mahapatih Gajah Mada. Under their leadership, Majapahit reached its peak of expansion, famously known for Gajah Mada's Palapa Oath, vowing to unite the entire Nusantara. Literature, art, and architecture flourished. Works like the Nagarakretagama by Mpu Prapanca and the Pararaton documented various aspects of Majapahit life, including its governmental structure, social system, beliefs, and the stories of its kings and key figures.

However, no kingdom's glory is eternal. After its golden age, Majapahit began to decline due to various factors, such as internal conflicts, the rise of new, stronger kingdoms, and shifts in global trade routes. By the early 16th century, Majapahit is believed to have collapsed, and its territories fragmented. Nevertheless, Majapahit's legacy lived on, influencing the development of subsequent kingdoms and becoming a vital foundation for Indonesian national identity.

The discovery of archaeological sites in Trowulan since the 19th century to the present day continues to open new windows for a deeper understanding of Majapahit. From temple ruins, statues of gods and goddesses, inscriptions, to everyday artifacts, all provide a tangible picture of the life of the Majapahit people. Trowulan is now a protected cultural heritage area, a tangible testament that the earth of Nusantara once bore silent witness to the glory of one of Southeast Asia's greatest kingdoms.

Main Attractions

Exploring Trowulan is a journey back in time, retracing the glorious trails of the Majapahit Kingdom. This area is rich with scattered archaeological sites, each telling a fragment of past life and civilization. Here are some of the main attractions you shouldn't miss:

1. Candi Tikus (Tikus Temple)

One of the most iconic sites in Trowulan is Candi Tikus. Discovered in 1936, this temple boasts a unique architecture resembling a 'petirtaan' or holy bathing place. The temple walls are adorned with reliefs of animals and plants, along with small statues that enhance its beauty. The name 'Tikus' (meaning 'mouse' in Indonesian) is said to come from the temple's discovery buried underground by farmers. Candi Tikus is believed to have served as a bathing place for Majapahit royalty and nobles, and it holds philosophical significance related to holy water and purity.

2. Candi Bajang Ratu (Bajang Ratu Temple)

Candi Bajang Ratu is a magnificent gate, believed to have been the entrance to the Majapahit palace complex or a commemorative monument. Its architecture is distinctive, with intricate and stunning carvings. The reliefs depicted on its walls narrate epic tales and mythology. This temple holds high historical value as it is thought to have been built to honor King Jayanegara, one of the Majapahit kings who reigned in the 14th century. The existence of Candi Bajang Ratu demonstrates the high level of Majapahit's architectural and carving art.

3. Candi Brahu (Brahu Temple)

Candi Brahu is one of the oldest temples in Trowulan, estimated to have been built in the 15th century AD. The temple structure is made of red bricks, with a reasonably intact form. The name 'Brahu' is believed to originate from the word 'Wrahma' or 'Brahma,' suggesting a possible Hindu influence in the worship conducted here. Candi Brahu is often considered a place for the cremation of Majapahit royalty, in accordance with the traditions of the time. Candi Brahu's uniqueness lies in its stupa-like shape, indicating cultural and religious acculturation.

4. Kolam Segaran (Segaran Pond)

Kolam Segaran is a vast, man-made pond, believed to have been built during the Majapahit era. Its dimensions are substantial, approximately 375 meters long and 125 meters wide. This pond likely served as a water source for irrigation, a recreational spot for the nobility, or part of the city's defense system. The pond walls are constructed from sturdy red brickwork. The discovery of Kolam Segaran provides insight into Majapahit's advanced hydraulic engineering and urban planning capabilities.

5. Museum Trowulan (Trowulan Museum)

To gain a more comprehensive understanding, a visit to the Trowulan Museum is essential. This museum houses a collection of artifacts unearthed from Trowulan's archaeological sites, including pottery, jewelry, household tools, inscriptions, statues, and architectural replicas. By viewing these collections, visitors can imagine the daily life of the Majapahit people, their beliefs, and their technological advancements. The museum serves as a vital information and educational center for anyone interested in delving into Majapahit's history.

6. Situs Pendopo Agung (Pendopo Agung Site)

The Pendopo Agung site is believed to be the location of the former Majapahit royal palace. Although now only foundations and some building remnants remain, this place holds immense historical significance. Standing here, you can envision the grandeur of the palace where kings ruled, made crucial decisions, and conducted state ceremonies. This site often hosts traditional ceremonies and rituals related to the preservation of Majapahit culture.

7. Situs Sentono (Sentono Site)

Situs Sentono is one of the complexes believed to be the residential area for Majapahit nobility. Here, you can see remnants of buildings, walls, and foundations that illustrate the layout of settlements during that period. The discovery of this site offers insights into the social structure and family life of Majapahit nobility, including their architectural styles.

Each site in Trowulan offers a unique perspective on the Majapahit Kingdom. By exploring them all, you will gain a holistic view of the complexity and glory of the civilization that once ruled the lands of Nusantara.

Travel Tips & Logistics

Planning your visit to Trowulan, the historical site of the Majapahit Kingdom, requires some preparation to ensure your exploration is smooth and enjoyable. Here are some essential travel and logistics tips to consider:

Best Time to Visit

Dry Season (April - October): The weather is generally clearer and drier, ideal for exploring open-air sites. Avoid the scorching midday sun.
Avoid National Holidays & Weekends: Trowulan can get very crowded during these periods. If you desire a more tranquil experience, opt for weekdays.

How to Get to Trowulan

From Surabaya: Trowulan is about 50-60 km from Surabaya. You can use:
Private/Rental Vehicle: Take the Surabaya-Mojokerto toll road, then exit towards Trowulan. Travel time is approximately 1-1.5 hours.
Train: Take a train from Stasiun Pasar Turi or Gubeng Surabaya to Stasiun Mojokerto, then continue with public transport or a taxi to Trowulan.
Bus: Take an inter-city bus from Terminal Bungurasih Surabaya to Terminal Mojokerto, then proceed to Trowulan.
From Malang: Trowulan is about 60-70 km from Malang. The best way is to use a private car or rent one.

Transportation within Trowulan

The Trowulan archaeological sites are spread out over a considerable area. To move between sites, you have several options:

Rent a Motorcycle/Car: The most convenient option if you want flexibility. Many rental services are available around Mojokerto or Trowulan.
Becak/Ojek (Rickshaw/Motorcycle Taxi): Economical options for short distances between adjacent sites. Negotiate the fare before riding.
Walking: If you enjoy walking and want to experience the rural atmosphere, you can walk between nearby sites, but ensure you have enough stamina and bring water.

Accommodation

In Mojokerto: There are several hotel and lodging options in Mojokerto City that you can use as a base.
Near Trowulan: Accommodation options in Trowulan itself are still limited, but there are some homestays or simple lodgings you can find.

Entrance Fees & Operating Hours

Entrance Fees: Each site usually has an affordable entrance fee. Prices may vary, typically around IDR 5,000 - IDR 15,000 per site.
Operating Hours: Generally, the sites are open from morning until late afternoon (around 08:00 - 17:00 WIB). The Trowulan Museum has slightly different operating hours; always check for the latest information.

What to Bring

Drinking Water: Essential, especially during the dry season. Buy or bring it from your accommodation.
Hat/Umbrella: To protect yourself from the sun.
Sunscreen: Sun exposure can be quite intense.
Comfortable Shoes: You'll be doing a lot of walking.
Camera: Capture your historical moments.
Cash: Some places might not accept digital payments.
Personal Medications: If needed.

Additional Tips

Hire a Local Guide: To gain a deeper understanding of the history and significance of each site, consider hiring a local guide available at some major sites.
Respect Historical Sites: Maintain cleanliness, do not litter, and avoid damaging the existing heritage.
Plan Your Route: List the sites you want to visit and create an efficient route to save time and energy.
Enjoy the Atmosphere: Trowulan isn't just about seeing ruins; it's about feeling the historical ambiance. Take time to sit, reflect, and imagine life in the Majapahit era.
Check Latest Information: Tourist site conditions can change. Always check the latest information regarding opening hours, ticket prices, or road access before you depart.

With thorough preparation, your exploration of Trowulan will be an experience rich in knowledge and truly memorable, bringing you closer to the legacy of Majapahit's glory.

Cuisine & Local Experience

Beyond its historical richness, Trowulan and its surrounding areas in Mojokerto also offer authentic culinary and local experiences, complementing your adventure tracing the footsteps of Majapahit.

Mojokerto's Signature Cuisine

When you are in Trowulan or Mojokerto, don't miss the chance to taste some of the delicious local dishes:

Ayam Panggang Mojokerto (Grilled Chicken Mojokerto): The aroma and flavor of grilled chicken in Mojokerto have a distinct character. It's usually served with flavorful spices and a tantalizing chili sauce.
Nasi Goreng Jowo (Javanese Fried Rice): A rich-flavored version of fried rice, often cooked with sweet soy sauce and traditional spices that make it different from generic fried rice.
Sate Sapi/Kambing (Beef/Mutton Satay): As in many other parts of Java, beef or mutton satay in Mojokerto is also worth trying. The tender meat is served with peanut sauce or soy sauce dressing.
Gethuk Goreng (Fried Gethuk): A sweet snack made from cassava, fried until crispy on the outside and soft on the inside. Perfect to enjoy as a travel companion.
Wedang Ronde (Ronde Herbal Drink): A warm and refreshing drink made from ginger, containing glutinous rice balls and peanuts. It's ideal for warming up after a day of exploring historical sites.

Unique Local Experiences

Besides the cuisine, there are several local experiences you can have in Trowulan and its surroundings:

Interact with Local Residents: The people living around Trowulan are generally friendly and open. Try conversing with them to learn more about their daily lives and local stories that might not be written in history books.
Visit Traditional Markets: Traditional markets in Mojokerto or the villages around Trowulan offer an authentic glimpse into daily life. You can see various agricultural products, handicrafts, and feel the pulse of the local economy.
See Local Crafts: Depending on the season and opportunity, you might find local artisans making pottery or other crafts inspired by the Majapahit past.
Witness Traditional Ceremonies (If Lucky): Sometimes, at certain sites or in villages around Trowulan, traditional ceremonies related to the preservation of Majapahit culture are held. If your visit coincides, this can be a very valuable experience.
Enjoy the Rural Ambiance: Trowulan is surrounded by rice fields and tranquil rural landscapes. Take time to enjoy the natural beauty and peaceful atmosphere, a contrast to the hustle and bustle of the city.

Souvenir Shopping

Some typical souvenirs you can bring home from Trowulan or Mojokerto include:

Pottery: Replicas or handicrafts inspired by Majapahit archaeological finds.
Local Snacks: Such as fried gethuk, cassava chips, or other traditional cakes.
Batik Fabric (if available): Although not a primary batik center, you can sometimes find local patterned batik.

Enjoying local cuisine and interacting with the local community will add another dimension to your visit to Trowulan. It's not just about seeing the past, but also experiencing the present life that continues to be intertwined with historical heritage.

Conclusion

Trowulan is a must-visit destination for anyone seeking to understand the historical roots and glory of the Indonesian nation. As the center of the Majapahit Kingdom, this site offers an invaluable window into the past, showcasing magnificent architecture, historical artifacts, and a cultural richness that is still palpable today. From the enchanting Candi Tikus to the informative Trowulan Museum, every corner of Trowulan holds stories of an advanced and influential civilization.

Exploring Trowulan is more than just seeing ruins; it's a profound experience that connects us with our ancestors and their legacy. With careful planning, the right travel tips, and a willingness to savor local cuisine and experiences, your visit to Trowulan will be an adventure rich in knowledge, inspiration, and unforgettable memories. Let Trowulan stand as tangible proof that history is the best teacher, and the legacy of Majapahit is our shared pride.

Majapahit Kingdom Trails: Explore the Trowulan Historical Site