Bima

History

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History of Bima: Maritime and Spiritual Glory in Eastern Nusantara

Bima, located at the eastern tip of Sumbawa Island, West Nusa Tenggara, is a region with very strong historical roots. With a territory of 4223.61 km² and a strategic coastline, Bima has played a crucial role in the maritime trade routes of Nusantara for centuries.

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Prehistoric Roots and the Sultanate Era

Bima's history began in the era of Naka (group leaders) which later developed into a kingdom. Local legends record the figure of Sang Bima as the ancestor of the Bima kings who brought Hindu-Javanese influence. However, the most significant transformation occurred in the 17th century. On July 5, 1640, La Kai officially embraced Islam and was given the title Sultan Abdul Kahir. This moment marked the birth of the Sultanate of Bima based on Islamic Sharia. Close ties with the Gowa-Tallo Kingdom in Sulawesi had a major influence on the governance system and the spread of religion in this region.

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Resistance Against Colonialism

During the colonial period, Bima was known for its steadfastness in resisting Dutch intervention. Although the VOC tried to exert its influence through trade agreements, the people of Bima often engaged in guerrilla resistance. One of the most respected heroes was Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin, the last sultan who wisely led Bima amidst the pressure from the Dutch East Indies government. During the Japanese occupation, Bima became an important air defense base in the southern region, leaving behind several bunker sites along the coast.

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Era of Independence and National Integration

Following the Proclamation of Independence in 1945, Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin showed a high sense of nationalism by declaring the Sultanate of Bima as part of the Republic of Indonesia through a decree on November 22, 1945. This integration was a bold step that ensured Bima remained a pillar of stability in the Eastern region. The sultanate's status later transformed into a self-governing region (swapraja) until it finally became Bima Regency under the Province of West Nusa Tenggara.

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Cultural Heritage and Historical Sites

Bima's rich history is reflected in its unique cultural heritage. The Asi Mbojo (Bima Palace), built in 1927 with a blend of European and local architecture, is now a museum housing golden crowns, heirloom keris, and ancient Bo Bima manuscripts. The tradition of Pacu Jara (traditional horse racing) and the Lenggo dance are still preserved as the identity of the community. Furthermore, the Wadu Pa’a site, a cliff relief by the sea, shows rare traces of Hindu-Buddhist cultural acculturation in the region.

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Modern Development and Future

Currently, Bima is developing into an agribusiness and maritime center in southern Indonesia. As a coastal area directly bordering the Flores Sea and the Indian Ocean, the development of ports and historical tourism sectors is a primary focus. Relying on the spirit of "Maja Labo Dahu" (Shame and Fear of God), Bima continues to strive to maintain a balance between modernity and the preservation of noble historical values. Bima's transformation from a respected maritime kingdom to a dynamic regency proves its historical resilience in the long history of Indonesia.

Geography

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Geographical Profile of Bima Regency: A Coastal Gem at the Eastern Gateway

Bima Regency is a strategic territorial entity located at the eastern tip of Sumbawa Island. Administratively, this region is in the southern part of West Nusa Tenggara province, directly bordering the Indian Ocean to the south, the Flores Sea to the north, and adjacent to Dompu Regency and Bima City. With a territory of 4,223.61 km², Bima has highly contrasting geographical characteristics, ranging from steep coastlines to towering volcanic mountains.

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Topography and Landscape

Bima's topography is dominated by hills and mountains, covering approximately 70% of its total area. In the northern part, the landscape is influenced by ancient volcanic activity, with the iconic Mount Tambora standing as a guardian on the Sanggar peninsula. These mountains create narrow but fertile valleys that serve as settlement centers. In the southern part, the region has a coastline stretching along the Indonesian Sea, characterized by steep cliffs and deep bays like Waworada Bay and Sape Bay, which are the arteries of sea transportation.

The hydrological system in Bima is supported by several main rivers such as the Wanggu River and the Padolo River. Although their water discharge is highly fluctuating depending on the season, these rivers are crucial for irrigation in the lowlands.

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Climate and Weather Characteristics

Bima has a semi-arid tropical climate influenced by the Australian monsoon winds. The region is known to have a longer dry season compared to western Indonesia, often lasting from May to October. This seasonal variation creates vast savanna landscapes in some areas. Annual rainfall ranges between 1,000 to 1,500 mm, with average air temperatures quite high, ranging from 24°C to 34°C, making it one of the hottest regions in West Nusa Tenggara.

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Natural Resources and Agrarian Potential

Bima's natural wealth relies on the agricultural and marine sectors. Specifically, Bima is a major national producer of shallots and corn, which grow abundantly on dry, sloping lands. In the forestry sector, there is potential for teak wood and non-timber forest products such as the renowned Sumbawa forest honey. Geologically, the region has significant mineral deposits, including potential for gold, silver, and copper embedded in its volcanic rock structures.

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Ecology and Biodiversity

Ecologically, Bima is in the Wallacea transition zone, which combines Asian and Australian biodiversity. The protected forest areas on Mount Tambora and the Donggo mountains are habitats for endemic species such as the Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo and Timor Deer. Its coastal ecosystem is also rich in coral reefs and mangrove forests, which serve as natural barriers against the abrasion of the Indian Ocean, as well as breeding grounds for economically valuable marine life.

Culture

Bima: A Cultural Pearl in Eastern West Nusa Tenggara

Bima, or locally known as Dana Mbojo, is a region of 4,223.61 km² located at the eastern tip of Sumbawa Island, West Nusa Tenggara. As a strategic coastal area on the southern shipping route of Nusantara, Bima possesses "Epic" cultural richness that blends strong Islamic values with the noble heritage of the Sultanate of Bima.

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Traditions and Ceremonies

The life of the Bima people (Mbojo Tribe) is deeply influenced by the philosophy of "*Maja Labo Dahu*" (Shame and Fear), which is a sense of shame towards fellow humans and fear of God. One of the most magnificent traditional ceremonies is Hanta Ua Pua, a cultural parade to commemorate the Prophet Muhammad SAW's birthday, imbued with strong religious-historical nuances. Additionally, the Pacu Jara tradition (traditional horse racing) is a unique icon where brave young jockeys race horses without saddles, symbolizing the agility and courage of the coastal community.

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Arts and Performing Arts

Bima's art world is colored by the dynamic movements of Tari Gantao, a martial art that combines silat movements with the accompaniment of drum and flute beats. There is also Tari Lenggo, a classic royal dance performed with graceful yet authoritative movements. In music, the Sarone instrument (bamboo wind instrument) produces melancholic notes that often accompany the singing of Pacoa Jara or traditional poetry during harvest time.

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Crafts and Traditional Attire

One of the most prominent cultural identities is Tembe Nggoli, a distinctive Bima woven sarong made with the *muna* (hand-weaving) technique. The use of this fabric gives rise to the Rimpu culture, which is the way Mbojo women dress, using two pieces of sarong fabric to cover their aurat resembling a veil. Rimpu Colo is for married women, while Rimpu Mpida is for teenage girls. This textile is not just clothing, but a symbol of honor and social status.

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Gastronomy and Local Cuisine

Bima's cuisine offers bold, spicy, and sour flavors. A must-try dish is Uta Maju Puru (grilled deer meat), a heritage from the hunting practices of past generations. For daily meals, there is Uta Mbeche (vegetable in coconut milk) and fresh Uta Loncha. Milkfish from Bima waters are also processed into Bandeng Presto Bima or Uta Palumara (yellow fish soup) rich in turmeric and tamarind spices.

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Language and Dialect

The local community communicates using Nggahi Mbojo Language. This language has unique speech levels to respect the interlocutor, such as the use of the word "Nahu" to refer to oneself politely or "Mada" in a more formal/royal context. Its firm dialect reflects the honest and open character of the coastal community.

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Religious Practices and Festivals

As a region nicknamed the "Veranda of Mecca" in NTB, religious practices permeate every aspect of culture. Festivals like the Festival Amanagappa or post-harvest celebrations always begin with a joint prayer. The synergy between custom and Islamic Sharia in Bima creates a harmonious social order, making this region bordering three neighboring areas a timeless center of civilization in the southern archipelago.

Tourism

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Exploring the Charm of Bima: An Epic Gem in Southern West Nusa Tenggara

Bima, a region of 4,223.61 km² located at the eastern tip of Sumbawa Island, is an "Epic" status destination for adventurers. Directly bordering the Flores Sea to the north and the Indian Ocean to the south, this regency offers a contrasting blend of majestic volcanic mountains and dramatic coastlines.

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Natural Wonders: From Tambora's Peak to Pink Beach

Bima's main attraction lies in Mount Tambora, a world geological history site offering challenging trekking routes to a giant caldera. On the coast, Bima has the unique Lariti Beach with its "parting sea" phenomenon, where visitors can walk to a small island during low tide. Don't miss the enchanting Lambu Beach with its pink sand and crystal-clear water, as well as Satonda Island, which has an ancient saltwater lake in its crater. For refreshment, Bombo Rincit Waterfall in the middle of the tropical forest offers a tranquil atmosphere far from the crowds.

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Cultural Heritage and Traces of the Sultanate

As a region rich in historical value, Bima preserves the heritage of the Sultanate of Bima very well. The ASI Mbojo Museum, formerly the sultan's palace, stands majestically showcasing distinctive European-Bima architecture and housing a collection of golden crowns, traditional weapons, and ancient manuscripts. Another unique experience is visiting Maria Village to see Lengge, traditional granaries with conical roofs symbolizing local food security since the megalithic era.

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Adventure and Outdoor Activities

For extreme sports enthusiasts, the waters around Bima Bay and Sape offer world-class diving spots with pristine marine biodiversity. You can also try the traditional horse racing Pacoa Jara, where young local jockeys race horses at high speed without saddles—an adrenaline-pumping spectacle full of courage.

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Gastronomy: Authentic Mbojo Flavors

Culinary tourism in Bima is an exploration of strong flavors. Try Uta Mbeche (meat in coconut milk broth) or Uta Maju Puru (grilled deer meat), which are special dishes. For fish lovers, Uta Lonche, made from fresh fish with spicy and sour seasoning, is a must-try. Complement your meal with authentic Bima Susu Kuda Liar (Wild Horse Milk), known for its high health benefits.

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Hospitality and Best Time to Visit

The people of Bima are known for their "Maja Labo Dahu" (Shame and Fear) hospitality, a life principle that upholds ethics and politeness. Accommodation here ranges from hotels in the city center to community-based homestays in tourist villages. The best time to visit is between May and September, when the clear weather is very conducive for climbing Tambora and beach activities. Visit Bima now and experience an authentic experience in southern West Nusa Tenggara that you won't find anywhere else.

Economy

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Economic Profile of Bima Regency: Agromaritime Hub at the Eastern Gateway of NTB

Bima Regency, spanning 4223.61 km² at the eastern tip of Sumbawa Island, holds a geostrategic position as an economic hub in the southern region of West Nusa Tenggara. With its geographical characteristics of directly bordering three main administrative regions and having a coastline stretching along the Indonesian Sea, Bima relies on the synergy between its agricultural and maritime sectors as its economic driving force.

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Agriculture Sector and Superior Commodities

Agriculture is the backbone of Bima's economy, contributing the highest PDRB. The region is nationally known as the main shallot granary in Eastern Indonesia. Shallot cultivation is concentrated in coastal areas such as Sape and Wera Districts, where soil conditions and microclimates are highly supportive of high productivity. Besides shallots, corn is a prime commodity that has seen rapid expansion through integrated dryland farming programs, supported by the presence of large-scale logistics warehouses and drying facilities.

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Maritime and Marine Economy

Having a long coastline makes the maritime economy a strategic pillar. Sape Port serves as the artery of inter-island trade connecting NTB with NTT (Labuan Bajo). The capture fisheries and marine aquaculture sectors, especially seaweed in Waworada Bay, provide employment for thousands of fishermen. The potential for traditional salt production in coastal areas is also being developed through industrialization to meet the national demand for consumption and industrial salt.

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Creative Industry and Traditional Crafts

Bima's local economic strength also shines through its creative industry sector, particularly the traditional "Mbojo" (Tembe Nggoli) weaving. This craft is not just a cultural heritage but an economic driver for households in villages like Donggo and Wawo. The marketing of these woven fabrics has reached national and international markets, driven by the digitalization of MSMEs. Furthermore, processed products of wild horse milk and genuine Bima honey remain unique commodities with high added value in the health market.

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Infrastructure and Employment Trends

The local government focuses on developing transportation infrastructure to reduce logistics costs. Improving road access to tourist areas and agricultural production centers is a priority. In terms of employment, there has been a gradual shift from subsistence agriculture to the service and trade sectors. The tourism sector, relying on natural beauty like Lariti Beach and historical tourism potential, has begun to attract investment in the hotel and culinary fields.

With its status as an "Epic" region on the regional economic map, Bima Regency continues to transform. Through optimizing maritime connectivity and modernizing agriculture, Bima positions itself as a new, resilient economic growth center in the southern part of the Indonesian archipelago.

Demographics

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Demographic Profile of Bima Regency, West Nusa Tenggara

Bima Regency, located at the eastern tip of Sumbawa Island, is a strategic coastal area with a territory of 4,223.61 km². As a region with "Epic" status on the administrative map of West Nusa Tenggara, Bima has dynamic population characteristics with its cardinal position in the southern part directly bordering the Indian Ocean and three main neighboring regions: Dompu Regency to the west, and the Flores Sea and Sape Strait.

Population Size, Density, and Distribution

Based on the latest data, the population of Bima Regency has exceeded 530,000 people. The average population density is around 130 people/km², but its distribution is uneven. The highest population concentration is in the eastern coastal areas such as Sape and Wera Districts, which are maritime economic centers, while the southern inland areas have lower density due to the hilly topography.

Ethnic Composition and Cultural Diversity

Bima's demographics are dominated by the indigenous Mbojo tribe (Bima Tribe). Uniquely, the Bima people have a very strong linguistic and cultural identity, distinct from the Sasak tribe in Lombok. The presence of historical ports also attracted migrant ethnic groups such as Bugis, Makassar, and Arabs, who have assimilated over centuries, creating a religious social structure with a very strong Islamic influence.

Age Structure and Population Pyramid

Bima has a young (expansive) population structure. The population pyramid shows a wide base in the 0-19 age group, indicating a still relatively high birth rate. This presents both challenges and opportunities in the form of a demographic bonus, where the productive age group dominates the population composition, requiring extensive employment in the agricultural and marine sectors.

Education Level and Literacy

The literacy rate in Bima Regency continues to rise, reaching over 95%. The local government consistently improves access to secondary and higher education. Nevertheless, there is a disparity between the education levels in district centers and remote areas in the southern mountains. University graduates tend to be concentrated in the administrative center in Woha.

Urbanization and Migration Patterns

Bima's population dynamics are characterized by circular migration patterns. Many young people from Bima migrate to Mataram, Makassar, or Jakarta for education and work. On the other hand, there has been a shift in urban centers from mere fishing settlements to commercial and service centers along the Sumbawa route. Urbanization in Bima is unique because it does not create megacities, but rather the growth of economic nodes based on superior commodities such as shallots and fisheries.