Bima

History

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The Historical Evolution of Bima: From Sultanate to Modern City

Bima, situated on the eastern edge of Sumbawa Island in West Nusa Tenggara, possesses a storied past that spans over seven centuries. Covering an area of 208.87 km², this coastal hub has transitioned from a powerful maritime sultanate into a pivotal administrative center, maintaining a unique cultural identity shaped by its strategic position along ancient trade routes.

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Early Origins and the Rise of the Sultanate

The history of Bima is deeply rooted in the "Mbojo" people. According to the Bo Sangaji Kai (the royal chronicles of Bima), the region was originally governed by local chiefs known as Ncuhi. The unification of these groups led to the establishment of the Bima Kingdom. A transformative turning point occurred on July 5, 1640, when King La Kai embraced Islam, becoming Sultan Abdul Kahir. This transition marked the birth of the Bima Sultanate, turning the city into a center for Islamic studies and a strategic maritime power in Eastern Indonesia.

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Colonial Resistance and Dutch Influence

During the colonial era, Bima’s strategic coastline made it a target for the Dutch East India Company (VOC). The Sultanate initially maintained a degree of autonomy through sophisticated diplomacy. However, tensions escalated in the early 20th century. In 1908, the Dutch launched a military expedition to consolidate control over Sumbawa. Despite fierce resistance led by local figures and the royal family, the Sultanate was forced into a "Korte Verklaring" (Short Declaration), which diminished its political sovereignty while allowing the Sultan to remain a symbolic cultural leader.

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The Independence Era and Integration

Following the proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945, Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin, the last reigning monarch, played a crucial role in aligning Bima with the new Republic. He famously declared Bima’s allegiance to Indonesia, integrating the sovereign territory into the provincial structure of the Lesser Sunda Islands (now West Nusa Tenggara). This act ensured a peaceful transition from a traditional monarchy to a modern administrative entity.

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Cultural Heritage and Historical Landmarks

The legacy of the Sultanate is physically preserved in the Asi Mbojo (The Sultan’s Palace). Built in 1927 with a blend of European and local architectural styles, it now serves as a museum housing royal regalia, ancient manuscripts, and traditional weaponry. Another significant site is the Dana Taraha hill, where the tombs of the Bimanese kings overlook the city. Culturally, Bima is famous for the Rimpu tradition, a unique style of dress for women using the Tembe Nggoli (woven sarong) that reflects Islamic modesty and local weaving craftsmanship.

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Modern Development

Today, Bima serves as a vital port city, connecting the islands of NTT and NTB. While it has modernized, its history remains central to its identity. The city’s evolution from a seafaring sultanate to a resilient urban center illustrates the broader Indonesian narrative of religious transformation, anti-colonial struggle, and national integration.

Geography

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Geographical Profile of Bima, West Nusa Tenggara

Bima is a vital coastal entity situated on the eastern edge of Sumbawa Island within the West Nusa Tenggara province. Spanning an area of approximately 208.87 km², the region serves as a strategic maritime gateway, defined by its intricate relationship between rugged volcanic highlands and the deep indentation of Bima Bay.

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Topography and Terrain Features

The topography of Bima is characterized by a dramatic transition from coastal lowlands to steep, undulating hills. The city is essentially a basin surrounded by highland massifs. To the east and south, the terrain rises sharply into the volcanic foothills that define the interior of Sumbawa. Notable elevations include the rugged peaks of the Doro Maria range. These highlands create narrow valleys where seasonal alluvial deposits have formed fertile pockets of land. The coastline is highly irregular, dominated by the sheltered waters of Bima Bay, which provides a deep-water natural harbor protected from the open swells of the Flores Sea.

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Hydrology and Water Systems

The hydrological network of Bima consists of several short, high-gradient rivers that originate in the surrounding mountains and drain into the bay. The Padolo River is the most significant waterway, cutting through the urban center. These rivers are largely ephemeral or seasonal; they transform into powerful torrents during the monsoon season, carrying volcanic silt down to the plains, but may reduce to a trickle during the prolonged dry season.

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Climate and Seasonal Variations

Bima experiences a Tropical Savannah climate (Aw) characterized by a distinct and prolonged dry season, which is often more intense than in western Indonesia. The "Musim Kemarau" (dry season) typically lasts from May to October, driven by dry Australian air masses, leading to arid conditions and high evaporation rates. Conversely, the wet season (November to April) brings heavy equatorial rainfall. Temperatures remain consistently high, hovering between 24°C and 34°C, though the coastal breeze provides localized cooling along the waterfront.

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Natural Resources and Land Use

The region’s economy is deeply rooted in its geological and maritime assets. The volcanic soil, rich in minerals, supports a robust agricultural sector specializing in shallots (Bawang Merah), which is Bima’s primary export. The coastal zones are utilized for extensive salt production and aquaculture. While large-scale mining is limited within the city limits, the surrounding hinterlands contain potential deposits of gold and copper. Forestry resources are concentrated in the upland areas, featuring monsoon forests and shrubs adapted to semi-arid conditions.

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Ecological Zones and Biodiversity

Bima’s ecosystem is a mosaic of marine, coastal, and dry-land biomes. The coastline features remnant mangrove forests that serve as nurseries for diverse marine life. The surrounding waters are part of the Coral Triangle, hosting significant coral reef biodiversity. Inland, the vegetation transitions into Wallacean savannahs and deciduous monsoon forests, which provide habitats for endemic bird species and the Timor deer. The ecological balance is a delicate intersection of semi-arid terrestrial life and rich maritime corridors.

Culture

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The Cultural Majesty of Bima: The Land of Mbojo

Bima, situated on the eastern edge of Sumbawa Island in West Nusa Tenggara, is a region defined by its rugged volcanic landscapes and deep maritime roots. Known locally as Dana Mbojo, Bima covers an area of 208.87 km² and boasts a coastal identity that has historically linked it to the Makassar and Bugis seafaring traditions. The culture is a sophisticated blend of indigenous Austronesian roots and profound Islamic influences, shaped by the legacy of the Bima Sultanate.

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Traditions and the "Maja Labo Dahu" Philosophy

At the heart of Bimanese society is the ethical code of Maja Labo Dahu (Shame and Fear). This philosophy dictates that one should feel shame toward fellow humans and fear toward God if they violate social or religious norms. A unique custom still practiced is the Rimpu, a traditional way of wearing the sarong for women. Using two pieces of Tembe Nggoli (woven cloth), the Rimpu Colo covers everything but the face (for unmarried women), while the Rimpu Mpida reveals only the eyes, reflecting the strong Islamic modesty integrated with local textiles.

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Arts, Textiles, and Performance

Bima is world-renowned for its Menenun (weaving) tradition. The Tembe Nggoli is a hand-woven masterpiece made from high-quality thread with vibrant colors and geometric motifs like the Bunga Satako.

In the realm of performing arts, the Tarian Tari Lenggo is a majestic court dance dating back to the 17th century, often performed to welcome guests of honor. For more adrenaline-fueled displays, the Gantao is a traditional martial art practiced by men, blending rhythmic movements with self-defense strikes. Another iconic tradition is Pacoa Jara (Bimanese Horse Racing), where child jockeys exhibit incredible bravery and skill, reflecting the region's historical reliance on the sturdy Sumbawa pony.

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Culinary Heritage

The flavors of Bima are distinct, often characterized by sour and savory profiles. A staple dish is Sepat, a refreshing soup made from grilled fish, young mango, and tomatoes. Another delicacy is Uta Maju Puru (grilled deer meat), a legacy of the hunting traditions in the savannahs. Locals also enjoy Bingka Dolu, a sweet, flower-shaped cake made from coconut milk and flour, often served during traditional ceremonies.

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Language and Festivals

The primary language is Nggahi Mbojo, which features distinct hierarchical levels used to address royalty (Kaluhi) versus commoners (Basa)—though these distinctions have softened in modern times.

The cultural calendar is anchored by the Hanta Ua Pua festival. This grand religious procession commemorates the entrance of Islam into Bima. It features the Pawai Budaya (cultural parade), where the Uma Lengge (traditional granaries with high-pitched roofs) are celebrated, and the community gathers at the Asi Mbojo (The Sultan’s Palace) to witness traditional music played on the Sarone (traditional flute) and Genda (drums).

Through its steadfast preservation of the Rimpu attire and the Maja Labo Dahu spirit, Bima remains one of Indonesia’s most resilient and distinctive cultural bastions.

Tourism

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Discover Bima: The Eastern Jewel of Nusa Tenggara Barat

Nestled on the eastern edge of Sumbawa Island, Bima is a captivating destination that bridges the gap between rugged volcanic landscapes and pristine coastal beauty. Spanning over 208 square kilometers, this coastal city and its surrounding regency offer a raw, authentic Indonesian experience far removed from the overcrowded tourist trails.

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Natural Landscapes and Coastal Wonders

Bima’s geography is defined by its dramatic coastline and mountainous backdrop. Pantai Lariti is a geographical marvel where a sandbar emerges during low tide, creating a walking path to a nearby islet. For those seeking seclusion, Pantai Pink (Lambu) offers a rare aesthetic with its blush-colored sands caused by crushed red coral. Inland, the majestic Mount Tambora dominates the horizon. Known for its historic 1815 eruption, it now serves as a premier trekking destination offering panoramic views of the Flores Sea. Water enthusiasts should not miss the Oi Taba waterfall, a hidden gem tucked within lush tropical foliage.

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Cultural Heritage and Historical Landmarks

The soul of Bima lies in its deep-rooted "Mbojo" culture. The Asi Mbojo Museum, formerly the Sultanate Palace, stands as a testament to the region’s Islamic history and royal grandeur. Its architecture reflects a blend of local timber craft and colonial influences. Visitors can explore the Dana Taraha royal graveyard, perched on a hill overlooking the city, providing insight into the lineage of the Bima Sultanate. To see living history, the traditional village of Maria Wawo showcases unique Lengge—conical wooden granaries that have been used by the Mbojo people for centuries to store harvests.

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Culinary Traditions and Gastronomy

Bima’s cuisine is a bold exploration of spice and fermentation. Sepat is a must-try dish consisting of grilled fish served in a sour, refreshing broth made from starfruit and mango. For a unique snack, look for Pangaha Sinci, a traditional donut-shaped savory treat. The region is also famous for its Susu Kuda Liar (Wild Horse Milk), believed to have medicinal properties, and high-quality Bima Onions, which form the aromatic base of almost every local meal.

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Adventure and Outdoor Experiences

Beyond the trek up Tambora, Bima is a gateway for world-class surfing and diving. The waves at Lakey Peak (nearby in Hu’u) are legendary among international surfers. The underwater biodiversity in the Sape Strait offers vibrant coral gardens and encounters with manta rays, serving as the eastern entrance to the Komodo National Park.

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Local Hospitality and Best Time to Visit

The people of Bima are known for their warmth and the traditional "Maja Labo Dahu" philosophy, emphasizing humility and respect. Accommodation ranges from boutique beachfront bungalows in the Kalaki area to comfortable business hotels in the city center. To experience Bima at its best, visit during the dry season (May to September). This period ensures clear skies for trekking and optimal visibility for diving, while also coinciding with vibrant local festivals and traditional horse racing events (Pacoa Jara).

Economy

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Economic Landscape of Bima, West Nusa Tenggara

Bima City, strategically positioned on the eastern edge of Sumbawa Island, serves as a vital regional hub within the Nusa Tenggara Barat province. Spanning 208.87 km², its economy is characterized by a transition from traditional agrarian roots to a diversified urban service center, bolstered by its geographical advantage as a coastal gateway to the Flores Sea.

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Agriculture and Marine Economy

Agriculture remains a cornerstone of the Bima economy, though it is increasingly specialized. The region is nationally recognized for its production of shallots (bawang merah), which are exported across the Indonesian archipelago. The dry, tropical climate provides an ideal environment for high-quality shallots that command premium prices. Furthermore, Bima’s extensive coastline facilitates a robust maritime sector. Local fisheries focus on both capture fisheries and aquaculture, particularly seaweed farming. The Bima Bay area serves as a natural harbor, supporting small-scale fishermen and commercial ventures that supply seafood to neighboring provinces.

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Trade, Services, and Infrastructure

As an administrative and commercial center, the services sector is the primary driver of Bima’s Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). The city functions as a logistics node for the eastern part of Sumbawa. This status is supported by Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin Airport and the Port of Bima. The port is a critical piece of infrastructure, handling the inflow of manufactured goods and the outflow of agricultural commodities. In recent years, the expansion of retail chains and banking services has reflected a growing middle class and increased consumer spending power.

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Traditional Crafts and Local Industry

Industrial activity in Bima is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) rooted in cultural heritage. The most prominent is the production of Tembe Nggoli, a traditional hand-woven sarong made from high-quality thread with distinctive geometric patterns. This weaving industry provides significant employment for women in rural sub-districts, blending cultural preservation with economic empowerment. Additionally, Bima is known for its "Susu Kuda Liar" (Wild Horse Milk) and honey production, which are marketed as health supplements nationwide.

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Tourism and Development Trends

Tourism in Bima is burgeoning, centered on cultural and historical heritage, such as the Asi Mbojo (the former Sultan’s Palace). The city’s coastal geography also offers potential for marine tourism and transit points for travelers heading to Komodo National Park. Employment trends show a shift toward the hospitality and informal trade sectors as the city urbanizes. Current development initiatives focus on improving road connectivity and waste management to sustain urban growth and attract further investment in the agribusiness processing sector.

Demographics

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Demographic Profile of Bima, West Nusa Tenggara

Bima City, strategically positioned on the eastern edge of Sumbawa Island, serves as a vital maritime hub within the West Nusa Tenggara province. Spanning 208.87 km², the city presents a unique demographic landscape shaped by its coastal geography and historical status as a center of Islamic sultanate culture.

Population Size, Density, and Distribution

As of recent census data, Bima City is home to approximately 156,000 residents. The population density stands at roughly 746 people per square kilometer. However, distribution is heavily skewed toward the coastal lowlands. The districts of Rasanae Barat and Mpunda exhibit the highest concentrations of residents due to their roles as commercial cores, while the mountainous peripheries remain more sparsely populated.

Ethnic Composition and Cultural Identity

The demographic is overwhelmingly dominated by the Mbojo people (Dou Mbojo), the indigenous ethnic group of the region. Unlike the western part of the province, which is influenced by Sasak and Balinese cultures, Bima maintains a distinct identity rooted in the Mbojo language and Islamic traditions. Significant minority enclaves of Bugis and Macassarese exist along the waterfront, a testament to centuries of maritime trade, alongside smaller communities of ethnic Chinese and Javanese migrants.

Age Structure and Education

Bima exhibits a "youth bulge" characteristic of developing Indonesian urban centers. The population pyramid is expansive at the base, with a large percentage of the population under the age of 30. This creates a high dependency ratio but also offers a significant "demographic bonus" for the local labor market. Literacy rates are high, exceeding 95%, supported by a robust network of state schools and private Islamic boarding schools (Pesantren), which play a dual role in academic and moral education.

Urbanization and Migration

Urbanization is accelerating as Bima transitions from an agrarian society to a service-oriented economy. There is a distinct "rural-to-urban" pull within the city limits, as residents from highland villages move toward the port and administrative centers for employment. Furthermore, Bima is a point of significant out-migration; many young adults move to Mataram, Makassar, or Jakarta for higher education and specialized professional opportunities, creating a steady flow of remittances back to the city.