Landak

History

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History of Landak Regency: From the Oldest Kingdom to the Era of Autonomy

Landak Regency, located in the northern cardinal position of West Kalimantan, is a region with very deep historical roots. Covering an area of 8,390.31 km², Landak is not just an administrative entity, but the site of one of the oldest civilizations on the island of Kalimantan with maritime connections through strategic river routes.

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Prehistoric Roots and the Kingdom of Landak

Landak's history centers around the Kingdom of Landak, believed to have been established in 1292 AD. Based on ancient manuscripts, this kingdom was founded by Raden Ismahayana, who was titled Raja Ismahayana. Uniquely, Landak has a historical connection with the Majapahit Kingdom in Java; it is said that Raden Ismahayana was a descendant of Majapahit nobility who had acculturated with local Dayak wisdom. The first capital of the kingdom was in Ningrat Batur, before eventually moving to Ngabang. The natural wealth of gold and diamonds in this region made Landak an important trading center in northern Kalimantan since ancient times.

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Colonial Era and People's Resistance

The presence of European nations, especially the Dutch, began to be significant in the 19th century. In 1818, the Dutch, through their representative Resident in Pontianak, began to politically intervene in the Sultanate of Landak. One of the most memorable historical events was the involvement of local figures in resisting the Japanese occupation through the Mandor incident. Figures from Landak became victims in the mass slaughter tragedy by the Japanese army in 1943-1944. This spirit of patriotism continued during the independence revolution, where Landak fighters participated in defending Indonesia's sovereignty from the Dutch (NICA) attempts to return.

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Era of Independence and the Formation of the Regency

After independence, Landak's administrative status underwent several transitions. Initially, Landak was part of Pontianak Regency. However, the aspirations of the community to manage their own region peaked in the late 1990s. Based on Law Number 55 of 1999, Landak Regency was officially formed as a result of the expansion of Pontianak Regency. The name "Landak" itself is taken from the name of the main river that divides this region, as well as referring to its fauna wealth and self-protection philosophy.

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Cultural Heritage and Modern Identity

Culturally, Landak is home to the Dayak Kanayatn and Malay communities who live side by side. One of the most prominent cultural heritages is the Naik Dango celebration, a post-harvest ritual as a form of gratitude to Sang Hyang Tatau. A historical site that still stands strong today is the Jazirah Ismahayana Palace in Ngabang, which remains a symbol of cultural identity for the local community.

Now, directly bordering five neighboring regencies (Sanggau, Mempawah, Bengkayang, Kubu Raya, and Sintang), Landak is developing into an agricultural and plantation center. The construction of monuments and the preservation of rumah betang (longhouses) are evidence that modernity in Landak does not leave its glorious historical roots. From traditional diamond mines to the administrative center in Ngabang, Landak continues to write its history as an important pillar in West Kalimantan.

Geography

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Geographical Profile of Landak Regency, West Kalimantan

Landak Regency is a strategic territorial entity located in the northern part of West Kalimantan Province. Astronomically, this region stretches from 0°10” South Latitude to 1°10” North Latitude and 109°5” to 110°10” East Longitude. With an area of 8,390.31 km², Landak directly borders five administrative regions, namely Bengkayang Regency to the north, Sanggau Regency to the east and south, and Mempawah Regency and Kubu Raya Regency to the west.

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Topography and Landscape

The topography of Landak Regency is highly varied, ranging from gently sloping lowlands to undulating hilly areas. Although dominated by inland land, this region administratively has a coastline stretching along the Indonesian Sea waters on the southwest side, providing important maritime access for regional connectivity. In the northern part, the landscape is dominated by the Niut Mountains range, which is the source of many river basins. Fertile valleys are formed between the hills, creating a complex natural drainage system.

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Hydrology and River Characteristics

The Landak River is the main hydrological artery that divides this region. This river not only functions as a traditional transportation route but also irrigates the surrounding agricultural valleys. The characteristics of rivers in Landak tend to have calm currents in the downstream parts but challenging rapids in the upstream areas, especially in the regions approaching the Bengkayang border. Another unique geographical phenomenon is the existence of several waterfalls (riam) scattered in the hilly areas, such as Riam Bedawan and Riam Angan Tembawang, formed by geological faults in ancient rock formations.

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Climate and Seasonal Variations

Landak is in a tropical wet climate zone (Af) with high rainfall throughout the year. The average daily temperature ranges from 22°C to 33°C with a relatively high humidity level. The rainy season usually lasts between October and March, influenced by the west monsoon winds that carry large masses of water vapor. Conversely, the relatively short dry season occurs in July and August, although rain still falls with lower intensity (local rain).

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Natural Resource Wealth and Biodiversity

Geologically, Landak is rich in mineral reserves, especially gold and diamonds, which have historically been the identity of this region (Ngabang District). The agricultural sector is dominated by oil palm and rubber plantations, while its tropical rainforests harbor high biodiversity. Landak's ecological zone includes lowland dipterocarp forests, which are habitats for endemic flora such as pitcher plants (Nepenthes) and rare fauna such as Bornean orangutans and various hornbill species. The preservation of forest areas in the northern part serves as a crucial buffer zone for the ecosystem balance in West Kalimantan.

Culture

Cultural Wealth of Landak Regency: The Heart of Dayak and Malay Traditions

Landak Regency, located in the northern part of West Kalimantan with an area of 8,390.31 km², is a region that holds deep history and authentic cultural richness. As an area that was once the center of the Kingdom of Landak, this region has become a harmonious meeting point between the agrarian Dayak traditions and the Malay culture, which is rich with sultanate nuances.

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Traditions, Rituals, and Customary Ceremonies

Landak is well-known for the Naik Dango ceremony, a post-harvest ritual of the Dayak Kanayatn people as a form of gratitude to *Ahadiat* (God). This ritual is centered at the Rumah Radakng (longhouse) and involves the process of storing rice into the *dango* (granary). In addition, there is the Tumpang Negeri tradition carried out by the Ismahayana Landak Palace. This ritual aims to ward off disaster and pray for the safety of all residents, culminating in the floating of offerings in the river.

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Traditional Arts, Dances, and Music

The art world in Landak is dominated by the sound of Agukng (gong) and the strumming of the Sape. The Ayun Pala dance is one of the sacred dances related to past traditions, while the Tingkilan dance shows dynamic Malay influence. In oral performances, the community knows Nyanyi Sunyi or oral literature passed down through generations. Typical handicrafts of Landak include rattan and bamboo weaving with the tampuk manggis motif and distinctive Dayak carvings adorning shields (Talawang).

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Local Cuisine and Flavors

Landak's cuisine offers unique forest ingredients. Lemang (sticky rice cooked in bamboo) is a mandatory dish during customary celebrations. In addition, there is Tempoyak (fermented durian) which is often cooked with river fish. Other unique dishes include Rebung cooked with coconut milk and Kue Pasung, a traditional sweet snack wrapped in banana leaves in a cone shape, which often appears in sacred ceremonies in the interior.

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Local Languages and Dialects

The majority of Landak's population uses the Dayak Kanayatn Language with the distinctive Ahe dialect. There is also the use of the Landak Malay dialect, which has a soft intonation. Local expressions like the word "Okeng" or other familiar greetings are markers of social identity that strengthen relationships among residents in traditional markets and in the rumah betang environment.

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Traditional Clothing and Textiles

Landak's traditional clothing reflects social strata and ritual functions. The Dayak people use King Baba (for men) and King Bibinge (for women) made from the bark fiber of *kapuo* or *ampuro* trees, adorned with beads and hornbill feathers. Meanwhile, the influence of the Sultanate of Landak is seen in Teluk Belanga clothing and Songket Landak fabric with a bamboo shoot motif, reflecting past glory on the riverbanks.

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Religious Life and Cultural Festivals

Religious life in Landak goes hand in hand with customs. Christmas and Eid al-Fitr celebrations are held with a spirit of mutual cooperation (bejebe). The Landak Cultural Festival, held periodically, becomes a showcase of cultural strength, ranging from blowpipe competitions, pangkak gasing (top spinning), to cultural parades involving the five bordering regions, reinforcing Landak's position as a cultural fortress in West Kalimantan.

Tourism

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Exploring the Charm of Landak Regency: The Cultural and Natural Heart of West Kalimantan

Landak Regency, located in the northern part of West Kalimantan, is a destination that blends the rich history of the Malay Kingdom with the grandeur of its tropical nature. Spanning 8,390.31 km², this region bordering five regencies (Bengkayang, Sanggau, Kubu Raya, Mempawah, and Sintang) offers an authentic and unforgettable tourist experience.

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Natural Wonders: From Waterfalls to the Coast

Although dominated by green hills, Landak has access to exotic coastal areas. However, its main natural attraction lies in the majestic Air Terjun Riam Merasap, often dubbed "Little Niagara" due to its width of 8 meters and strong water flow. In addition, Riam Bedawat offers a view of a seven-tiered waterfall hidden within the primary forest, providing a tranquil atmosphere for nature lovers. For those who enjoy high-altitude panoramas, climbing Bukit Jamur offers a "land above the clouds" phenomenon at dawn.

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Cultural Tourism and Historical Heritage

Landak is home to the Keraton Ismahayana Ngabang, one of the oldest centers of government in West Kalimantan. Visitors can explore the distinctive Malay wooden architecture and see historical relics of the Sultanate of Landak. Furthermore, the harmonious life of the Dayak people can be experienced in the rumah betang (longhouses). Tourists have the opportunity to witness traditional rituals such as Naik Dango, a harvest thanksgiving ceremony filled with traditional dances and captivating sape music.

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Adventures and Unique Experiences

For adrenaline seekers, exploring natural caves like Goa Maria in Anjongan (border area) or navigating the labyrinth of Goa Kelelawar (Bat Cave) offers a unique challenge. The activity of river tubing down clear river currents among large rocks is the best way to enjoy Landak's river ecosystem. Another unique experience is visiting the traditional diamond mines in Ngabang, where you can witness firsthand the process of panning for precious stones that has been legendary for centuries.

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Local Cuisine and Hospitality

A trip to Landak is incomplete without tasting Lemang Kantong Semar, a unique dish of sticky rice cooked inside the pouch of an insectivorous plant. In addition, enjoy the savory Grilled Fish typical of the Landak River, served with local shrimp paste chili sauce. For accommodation, the center of Ngabang town offers various options from simple inns to comfortable star hotels, while in tourist villages, homestays with local residents offer genuine cultural warmth.

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Best Time to Visit

The best time to visit is between June and August. Besides the weather being relatively clear for outdoor activities, during this period, cultural festivals and major traditional rituals are often held, allowing tourists to interact directly with the local wisdom of the Landak people.

Economy

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Economic Profile of Landak Regency: Agrarian Potential and Natural Wealth

Landak Regency, located in the northern part of West Kalimantan Province, is a strategic region with an area of 8,390.31 km². Geographically, this regency directly borders five administrative regions, making it a vital land trade hub in the province's northern corridor. Although topographically dominated by hills and inland areas, Landak has rapidly developing accessibility to the coastal areas of the Indonesian Sea, which adds a maritime economic dimension to its income structure.

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Agriculture and Plantation Sector

The agricultural sector is the backbone of Landak Regency's economy. The leading commodities driving this sector are oil palm and rubber. The presence of large private companies (PBS) and extensive community plantations has created a strong upstream industry ecosystem. Furthermore, Landak is known as one of West Kalimantan's food granaries through its rice production in the Mandor and Sengah Temila areas. The integration of irrigated rice fields and plantations creates local food security stability as well as export commodities.

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Processing Industry and Natural Resources

The industrial sector in Landak focuses on processing plantation products, especially Crude Palm Oil (CPO) processing plants. Besides the green sector, Landak Regency possesses significant mineral resource wealth, including gold and diamonds. Both traditional and industrial-scale mining in the Ngabang area and its surroundings contribute significantly to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (PDRB). Uniquely, Landak also develops its maritime economic potential along its coastline, where the capture fisheries and brackish water aquaculture sectors are professionally managed to meet domestic and export market needs.

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Traditional Crafts and Local Products

The creative economic transformation in Landak is reflected in the preservation of traditional crafts of the Dayak and Malay ethnic groups. Local products such as rattan weaving, distinctive Landak woven fabrics, and wood carvings are value-added products marketed nationally. The tourism sector, based on cultural tourism (such as the Ismahayana Palace) and nature tourism (Riam Merasap Waterfall), is increasingly integrated with the service sector, creating new job opportunities for the younger generation in hospitality and culinary fields.

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Infrastructure and Employment Trends

The Landak Regency Government continues to accelerate the development of transportation infrastructure to reduce logistics costs. Improvements to the trans-Kalimantan road that crosses this region are crucial for the distribution of goods to ports and the Malaysian border. Current employment trends show a shift from the primary sector (raw agriculture) to the secondary and service sectors. Vocational education oriented towards plantation techniques and agricultural mechanization is a focus to enhance the competitiveness of the local workforce in facing the flow of investment that continues to pour into this northern region of West Kalimantan.

Demographics

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Demographic Profile of Landak Regency, West Kalimantan

Landak Regency, located in the northern part of West Kalimantan Province with an area of 8,390.31 km², has unique demographic characteristics as an agricultural region with strong social dynamics. As a region bordering five administrative areas (Bengkayang, Sanggau, Mempawah, Kubu Raya, and Sarawak, Malaysia), Landak is a meeting point for population mobility in the interior of Kalimantan.

Population Size, Density, and Distribution

Based on the latest data, the population of Landak Regency continues to grow steadily, with a total occupancy exceeding 400,000 people. The average population density ranges between 45 to 50 people per km². However, this distribution is uneven; the highest population concentration is in Ngabang District as the center of government and economy, while areas like Air Besar have much lower densities due to hilly topography and forest areas.

Ethnic Composition and Cultural Diversity

Landak is known as one of the cultural hearts of the Dayak people in West Kalimantan. The Dayak ethnic group (especially the Dayak Kanayatn sub-ethnic group) is the dominant majority, followed by the Malay and Chinese ethnic groups. The presence of a palace in Ngabang reinforces the existence of Malay culture harmoniously coexisting with Dayak customs. In addition, transmigration programs in the past brought ethnic diversity from Java, Sunda, and Madura, who have now been integrated into Landak's agrarian social structure.

Age Structure and Population Pyramid

Landak Regency has a young (expansive) population structure. The population pyramid shows a wide base in the 0-14 age group and the productive age group (15-64 years). This indicates a still relatively high birth rate and a large potential workforce, but at the same time presents challenges in providing employment in non-agricultural sectors.

Education and Literacy

The literacy rate in Landak has reached over 94%. Although basic education is widespread, there is a gap at the higher education level. The local government focuses on improving the qualifications of vocational high school and diploma graduates to align with the needs of the dominant oil palm and rubber plantation industries in the local economy.

Urbanization and Migration Patterns

Landak's population dynamics are marked by "internal urbanization" towards Ngabang. However, in general, settlement patterns remain rural, tied to the primary sector. Outward migration is usually undertaken by the younger generation to pursue education in Pontianak, while inward migration is driven by the plantation and trade sectors along the trans-Kalimantan route. As a region with access northward towards the border, there is also a specific pattern of cross-border labor mobility in this area.