Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency

History

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History and Development of Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency

Regency of Hulu Sungai Selatan (HSS), with its capital Kandangan, is a strategic area located in the heart of South Kalimantan province. Covering an area of 1,728.49 km², this region is geographically surrounded by six neighboring areas: Hulu Sungai Tengah, Hulu Sungai Utara, Tapin, Banjar, Kotabaru, and Tanah Bumbu. As a non-coastal region, the history of HSS is deeply rooted in riverine and Meratus mountain civilizations.

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Era of Sultanate and Colonial Resistance

The historical roots of Hulu Sungai Selatan cannot be separated from the dynamics of the Banjar Sultanate. This region was formerly known as part of the "Amandit District" and "Negara District." One of the most heroic chapters occurred during the Banjar War (1859-1905). Legendary figures like Tumenggung Antaludin built defensive forts in Gunung Madang to resist Dutch invasion. The Negara region, famous for its blacksmith industry since the 18th century, became a logistics center for weapons for the Banjar fighters, demonstrating HSS's vital role in the confrontation against colonialism.

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Physical Revolution Period and the Proclamation of May 17, 1949

Hulu Sungai Selatan's most significant contribution to Indonesia's national history occurred during the independence revolution. HSS became the main base of ALRI Division IV Kalimantan Defense under the leadership of Brigjen H. Hasan Basry. On May 17, 1949, in Ni’ih Village, the Kalimantan Proclamation was declared, affirming that Kalimantan was an inseparable part of the Republic of Indonesia, opposing the formation of a Dutch-backed puppet state. This event was crucial as it thwarted Dutch attempts to isolate Kalimantan from RI sovereignty. The May 17 Proclamation Monument in Mandapai now stands as a reminder of the courage of the Kandangan people.

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Administrative Formation and Autonomy

Administratively, Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency was officially formed on December 2, 1950, based on Law Number 25 of 1956. Since then, Kandangan has evolved from a guerrilla military center to a center of government and trade in the "Banua Anam" region. Infrastructure development began to connect the inland areas of the Meratus Mountains to the water areas in Negara District.

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Cultural Heritage and Local Identity

HSS possesses specific cultural richness, such as the traditions of Bagasing and Bamanda. Historically, the Negara region in HSS was known as the best center for traditional boat making and metal agricultural tools in Kalimantan. In terms of culinary delights, Dodol Kandangan and Ketupat Kandangan have become nationally recognized identities, reflecting a strong agrarian cultural acculturation.

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Modern Development

Currently, Hulu Sungai Selatan is transforming into a region that combines historical preservation with modern development. The Loksado area, inhabited by the Dayak Meratus people, has become a world-renowned center for cultural and natural tourism with the tradition of Bamboo Rafting. Through a vision of sustainable development, HSS continues to preserve its historical sites, such as the Suada Mosque (Masjid Baangkat) in Simpur, built in 1908, while strengthening its position as an economic pillar in the central corridor of South Kalimantan.

Geography

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Geography of Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency

Regency of Hulu Sungai Selatan (HSS) is an important administrative region in South Kalimantan Province. With an area of 1728.49 km², this regency is geographically located in the central position or the middle part of the province. Although there are inaccuracies in naming the island in certain administrative data, factually this region is located in the heart of Kalimantan Island, not Java. As a completely landlocked region, Hulu Sungai Selatan has no coastline and directly borders six administrative regions, namely Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, Tapin Regency, Banjar Regency, and Kotabaru Regency to the east.

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Topography and Landscape

The topographic characteristics of Hulu Sungai Selatan are very unique as they are divided into two contrasting zones. In the western part, this region is dominated by flat lowlands and monotonous swamp areas, especially in Negara District and its surroundings. Conversely, in the eastern part, the landscape changes drastically to hills and mountains that are part of the Meratus Mountains. The highest peak in this region is in the Loksado area, which offers steep valleys and majestic karst cliffs. This geological structure creates a significant elevation gradient, ranging from only a few meters above sea level to over 1,500 meters on the Meratus peaks.

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Hydrology and River Flow

Rivers are the lifeblood of HSS. The Amandit River is the most iconic hydrographic feature that divides this regency. This river originates in the Meratus Mountains and flows rapidly through large rocks in Loksado before flattening out upon reaching the regency capital, Kandangan. The flow of this river empties into the Negara River, which is a tributary of the Barito River. The presence of wetlands and swamps in the downstream areas serves as a crucial natural water reservoir for the regional ecosystem balance.

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Climate and Seasonal Variations

Hulu Sungai Selatan has a tropical wet climate with high rainfall throughout the year. The dry season usually occurs between June and September, while the rainy season lasts from October to May. However, due to the influence of the tropical rainforest vegetation in the Meratus Mountains, the Loksado area tends to have cooler temperatures and higher humidity compared to the hotter Kandangan urban area.

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Natural Resources and Biodiversity

HSS's natural wealth includes the forestry, agricultural, and mineral sectors. In the mountainous areas, there are coal and iron ore reserves, although their utilization is strictly limited to preserve the environment. The agricultural sector is dominated by rice cultivation in swamp areas and rubber and cinnamon plantations (the distinctive Loksado cinnamon) in the highlands. Ecologically, this region is home to the biodiversity of the Meratus Mountains, including endemic flora such as wild orchids and rare fauna like proboscis monkeys in the swamp areas, as well as various types of endemic Kalimantan birds in the protected forest zones. The Loksado area is also known for the geological phenomenon of "Balanting" or bamboo rafting, which utilizes natural river rapids as a traditional transportation method and a unique geographical tourist attraction.

Culture

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Cultural Richness of Hulu Sungai Selatan: The Heart of Banjar Hulu Civilization

Regency of Hulu Sungai Selatan (HSS), with its capital Kandangan, is a region located in the central position of South Kalimantan Province. As a non-coastal region surrounded by six neighboring regencies, HSS serves as a stronghold of the Banjar Hulu (Pahuluan) tradition, which is deeply imbued with religious values and a spirit of independence.

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Traditions, Ceremonies, and Social Life

One unique tradition that is still preserved is Maruhum, a procession of honoring ancestors performed with joint prayers at sacred tombs, such as the Tomb of Datu Kalampayan or local religious scholars. In agrarian life, the people of HSS know the tradition of Batanak Nas in the rice fields as a form of gratitude for the harvest. Additionally, there is the Baayun Maulud tradition, held every month of Rabiul Awal at the Al-Ikhlas Mosque, Daha Village, where babies and toddlers are rocked in the mosque accompanied by verses of praise to Prophet Muhammad SAW.

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Arts and Handicrafts

Hulu Sungai Selatan is a center for the art of Madihin and Lamut, oral storytelling arts that combine literature, humor, and moral messages. In the Loksado region, the Dayak Meratus people have the sacred dance Tari Kanjar, performed during the Aruh Ganal traditional ceremony as a form of communication with the Creator.

In the field of handicrafts, the Negara region (Daha District) is very famous with the nickname "Blacksmith City." Here, traditional metal forging techniques produce high-quality machetes, hoes, and agricultural tools that are distributed throughout Kalimantan. Furthermore, rattan and bamboo weaving crafts from Loksado are also significant cultural commodities.

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Legendary Local Cuisine

Talking about HSS is incomplete without mentioning Ketupat Kandangan. Unlike ketupat from other regions, this ketupat uses Snakehead fish (Haruan) which is grilled first before being cooked in a rich, thick coconut milk broth seasoned with spices (cinnamon, cloves, and kemiri). The way of eating it is also unique, by using bare hands to mash it directly into the ketupat. In addition, there is Dodol Kandangan which has a soft and sweet texture, and the local version of Apam Barabai, often taken as a primary souvenir.

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Local Language and Dialect

The people of HSS use the Banjar language, Hulu dialect. This dialect has distinctive vocal characteristics and vocabulary different from the Banjar Kuala (Banjarmasin) dialect. Local expressions like "Kada kulihatan hidung" (very busy) or the use of particles "pang" and "gin" in daily conversation are strong linguistic identities.

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Traditional Clothing and Textiles

The people of HSS highly value Sasirangan fabric, especially classic motifs like *Gigi Haruan* (Snakehead Teeth) and *Kangkung Kaombakan* (Water Spinach Waves). During traditional events, men usually wear Laung (headband) and a koko shirt with a sarong draped over their shoulders, reflecting the religious identity of the community.

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Religious Practices and Festivals

Life in HSS is greatly influenced by Islamic boarding schools. Mass Manasik Haji rituals and the commemoration of Islamic holidays are always celebrated with festivity yet solemnity. On the other hand, in the Meratus mountains, the Dayak people still perform the Aruh Baharin ritual, a thanksgiving ceremony for the harvest that lasts for several days, involving the slaughter of livestock and colossal dances within the traditional hall. The combination of Islamic religiosity in the lowlands and Dayak traditions in the mountains makes HSS a very rich cultural mosaic.

Tourism

Exploring the Charm of Hulu Sungai Selatan: The Tourism Heart of South Kalimantan

Regency of Hulu Sungai Selatan (HSS) is a hidden gem located in the central position of South Kalimantan Province. With an area of 1,728.49 km², this regency, with its capital Kandangan, offers a unique combination of the majestic Meratus mountain landscape and the exoticism of wetlands. Bordering six other administrative regions, HSS is a tourism hub rich in cultural value and natural adventure.

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The Natural Wonders of Loksado and the Meratus Mountains

The main attraction of HSS lies in Loksado District. Unlike coastal areas, HSS offers lush tropical rainforests and fresh river flows. One of the most iconic experiences is Bamboo Rafting (Balanting Pariwisata) along the Amandit River. Visitors will ride traditional bamboo rafts controlled by expert motor operators through adrenaline-pumping rapids. Additionally, this area holds stunning waterfalls such as Haratai Waterfall and Kilat Api Waterfall. For relaxation seekers, Tanuhi Hot Springs offers natural pools amidst the cool mountain air.

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Historical Traces and Cultural Wealth

HSS holds strong historical value for the Banjar people. Tourists can visit Benteng Madang, a silent witness to the struggle of the Kalimantan people against Dutch colonization. Culturally, interaction with the Dayak Meratus people at the Malaris Traditional Hall provides deep insight into the well-preserved local wisdom. Traditional building structures and occasional traditional rituals are magical attractions for cultural tourism enthusiasts.

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Culinary Paradise: From Ketupat to Dodol

A gastronomic experience in HSS is a must for every visitor. Ketupat Kandangan is a unique culinary icon; unlike ketupat from Java island, this ketupat is served with grilled Snakehead fish (Haruan) and doused in a savory, thick coconut milk sauce. Don't miss Dodol Kandangan, which is sweet and sticky, as a souvenir, as well as kacang jaruk (a local snack) processed with a distinctive sand roasting technique.

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Adventure and Accommodation

For the adventurous soul, climbing to the summit of Mount Halau-Halau via the HSS route offers a "land above the clouds" panorama. For comfort, various accommodation options are available, ranging from ethnic-themed resorts in Loksado to star hotels in Kandangan city center. The hospitality of the local people (Urang Banjar), who are religious and open, will make every tourist feel at home.

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Best Time to Visit

The best time to visit Hulu Sungai Selatan is during the dry season between June and September. During this period, the water level of the Amandit River is ideal for bamboo rafting activities, and the trekking routes to the Meratus forest are relatively safer and less slippery. Visit HSS to experience the perfect harmony between river adventure, mountain coolness, and the deliciousness of traditional cuisine.

Economy

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Economic Profile of Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency: Agribusiness and Trade Hub of South Kalimantan

Regency of Hulu Sungai Selatan (HSS), with an area of 1,728.49 km², holds a strategic role as an economic hub in the central position of South Kalimantan Province. Although geographically this region is landlocked and has no coastline, HSS optimizes the potential of its lebak swamp and Meratus mountain areas as the main economic drivers.

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Agriculture Sector and Food Security

The agricultural sector is the backbone of HSS's economy, with rice as the leading commodity concentrated in the Daha district. The characteristic lebak swamp land allows for unique planting patterns during the dry season. Besides rice, HSS is known as a producer of horticulture such as Hiyung chili, which has a high level of spiciness and export economic value. In the inland fisheries sector, the Daha region is a center for freshwater fish production (snakehead, papuyu, and sepat) marketed to neighboring provinces, compensating for the absence of a maritime economy with the optimization of inland waters.

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Processing Industry and Traditional Crafts

The manufacturing industry in HSS is dominated by micro and medium scales. One of the most iconic is the traditional boat (motorboat) and agricultural tool manufacturing industry in Negara. The blacksmithing skills in this region have been passed down through generations, making HSS a primary supplier of tools in Kalimantan. Additionally, there are food processing industries such as fish crackers and Kandangan dodol, which are typical souvenir products with significant local employment absorption.

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Services, Tourism, and Infrastructure Sector

Kandangan, as the regency capital, functions as a regional service and trade center. The growth of the service sector is driven by HSS's position on the trans-Kalimantan route, connecting Banjarmasin with other "Hulu Sungai" regions up to East Kalimantan.

In the tourism sector, Loksado is the creative economy's prima donna through Bamboo Rafting tourism and the Dayak Meratus culture. The development of road infrastructure to this national strategic tourism area has increased hotel occupancy and the revenue of culinary MSMEs, especially Ketupat Kandangan cuisine, which has been certified as Intangible Cultural Heritage.

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Employment Trends and Economic Transformation

Employment trends in HSS are shifting from the primary sector (traditional agriculture) to the tertiary sector (services and trade). The local government is actively promoting the downstream processing of agricultural products to add value. The main challenge lies in the connectivity between the six border regions (Tapin, Hulu Sungai Tengah, up to Kotabaru) to facilitate logistics flow. By strengthening community markets and digitizing MSMEs, Hulu Sungai Selatan continues to solidify its position as an independent and sustainable inland economic growth center in South Kalimantan.

Demographics

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Demographics of Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency: The Heart of Banjar Hulu Culture

Regency of Hulu Sungai Selatan (HSS), with an area of 1728.49 km², is a strategic region in the central position of South Kalimantan Province. As a landlocked region, HSS is surrounded by six neighboring areas, making it a meeting point for logistics distribution and population mobility in the Banua Anam region.

Population Structure and Density

Based on the latest population data, the population of HSS exceeds 230,000 people with an average population density of 133 people per km². Population distribution is concentrated in Kandangan District as the administrative and economic center, while the swamp areas in the west and the Meratus mountains in the east have lower densities but possess unique social characteristics.

Ethnic Composition and Cultural Diversity

The demographics of HSS are dominated by the Banjar ethnic group, particularly the Banjar Hulu sub-ethnic group, which has a distinctive dialect and traditions. Uniquely, in the Loksado region, there is a significant population of the Dayak Meratus tribe who live in harmony. The presence of the Dayak community adds a contrasting demographic color through the preservation of Aruh Adat traditions, while the majority Banjar community reflects a strong Islamic religious identity.

Population Pyramid and Age Groups

The demographic structure of HSS shows an expansive population pyramid that is beginning to transition towards a stationary type. The productive age group (15-64 years) dominates the population structure, indicating the potential for a demographic bonus. The local government is currently focusing on strengthening the MSME and agricultural sectors to absorb local labor, preventing a large-scale exodus towards Banjarmasin or mining areas.

Education and Literacy

The literacy rate in Hulu Sungai Selatan is very high, reaching over 98%. A unique characteristic of this region is the large number of religious-based educational institutions or Pondok Pesantren, which serve as the main pillars of informal education alongside formal schools. This creates a population profile that has a balance between academic qualifications and religious values.

Urbanization and Migration Patterns

Urbanization patterns in HSS are centripetal towards Kandangan, where the service and trade sectors are rapidly developing. However, out-migration dynamics also occur, especially among young people pursuing higher education or working in the mining sector in neighboring regencies. Nevertheless, strong cultural ties to their homeland mean that circular migration (round-trip) remains dominant over permanent migration.