East Manggarai

History

#

History and Development of East Manggarai: Traces of Civilization in South Flores

Origins and Local Kingdom Era

East Manggarai Regency, located in the southern part of Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, has historical roots closely tied to confederations of traditional territories (kedaluan). Historically, this region was part of the Manggarai Kingdom led by a dynasty descended from Todo-Pongkor. The name "Manggarai" itself is often associated with a local term referring to the courage of its people. Since the 17th century, the southern coastal areas of East Manggarai, such as the Borong region, have been important trade hubs connecting the interior of Flores with sailors from Makassar and Bugis. The influence of the Bima Sultanate also colored the administration of this region before it eventually came under colonial control.

Colonial Era and People's Resistance

The arrival of Europeans brought significant changes. The Dutch began to exert their influence intensively through the Korte Verklaring (Short Declaration) in the early 20th century. An important figure in the history of local resistance was Kraeng Bagung, who led the resistance against the belasting (tax) policies and forced labor (heerendienst) imposed by the colonialists. During this period, Catholic missionaries began to enter the interior regions, such as in the Colol and Elar areas, which subsequently transformed the socio-cultural landscape of the East Manggarai people through education and the spread of religion.

Independence Era and Regional Formation

Following the proclamation of Indonesian independence in 1945, East Manggarai remained part of the larger Manggarai Regency. However, along with the spirit of regional autonomy, aspirations arose to separate to accelerate infrastructure development in the southern region, which was geographically quite isolated. Through the long struggle of community leaders, East Manggarai Regency was officially formed on July 17, 2007, based on Law Number 36 of 2007. Administratively, this regency directly borders Manggarai Regency to the west, Ngada Regency to the east, and the Savu Sea to the south.

Cultural Heritage and Unique Traditions

East Manggarai is known for its rich Caci tradition, a martial arts dance that symbolizes masculinity and sportsmanship. One unique historical fact is the "Perang Kolol" (Kolol War) event related to the dispute over territory and coffee resources. Colol coffee itself has been historically recognized as one of the best coffee varieties since the colonial era. Furthermore, the communal land division system called Lingko (spiderweb-shaped rice fields) is still practiced in several places, reflecting local wisdom in agrarian management.

Modern Development and Historical Sites

Today, with an area of 2410.49 km², East Manggarai continues to transform. Borong, as the center of government, is developing into a strategic port city. Historical sites such as old churches in several parishes and megalithic relics in the mountainous regions are evidence of the continuity between tradition and modernity. Efforts to preserve history are carried out through the integration of culture into the local curriculum, ensuring that the identity of the East Manggarai people is maintained amidst the currents of globalization.

Geography

#

Geography of East Manggarai Regency: Harmony of Mountains and South Coast

East Manggarai Regency is an administrative region in East Nusa Tenggara Province with unique and contrasting geographical characteristics. With an area of 2,410.49 km², this regency stretches from the highlands in the north to the coastline in the south, directly bordering the Indonesian Sea (Indian Ocean). Administratively, this region is surrounded by three main areas: Ngada Regency to the east, Manggarai Regency to the west, and the Flores Sea to the north.

##

Topography and Landscape

The topography of East Manggarai is dominated by steep hills and volcanic mountains that form the backbone structure of Flores Island. One of the most striking geographical features is the presence of Mount Ranaka, the highest peak in the Manggarai region, which greatly influences the local microclimate. Steep valleys like the Colol Valley not only offer aesthetic views but also serve as natural drainage centers for important rivers such as Wae Musur and Wae Leko, which flow through ancient rock formations towards the south coast.

In the southern part, the mountainous terrain slopes down to a dynamic coastal plain. The southern coastline of East Manggarai is known for its strong Indian Ocean waves, with varied coastal formations ranging from black volcanic sand to exotic coral cliffs.

##

Climate and Seasonal Variations

Based on the Schmidt-Ferguson classification, East Manggarai has contrasting climate variations between coastal and inland areas. The southern coastal region tends to be hot and dry with average temperatures ranging from 25°C to 32°C. Conversely, mountainous areas like upper Borong and Poco Ranaka have a wet tropical climate with thick fog often appearing in the morning. The highest rainfall usually occurs between December and March, influenced by the west monsoon winds, while a long dry season occurs from June to October.

##

Natural Resources and Biodiversity

The wealth of natural resources in East Manggarai relies on the agricultural and forestry sectors. The fertile volcanic soil in the highlands makes this region a producer of the best coffee in NTT, especially Colol Coffee. Besides coffee, commodities like cloves, cocoa, and candlenuts are the backbone of the local economy. In the mineral sector, this region has potential manganese and iron sand mines spread across several strategic points.

Ecologically, East Manggarai is home to high biodiversity. Protected forests in the mountainous areas are habitats for endemic Flores birds and various types of wild orchids. One of the unique geographical features that is an ecotourism magnet is Lake Rana Mese, a volcanic lake located in the middle of a dense forest, serving as the main hydrological regulator for the surrounding area. Mangrove ecosystems can also be found in several southern coastal areas, serving as natural protection against erosion from the Indonesian sea.

Culture

#

Cultural Richness of East Manggarai: Harmony of Traditions in the Land of Lawe Lujang

East Manggarai, a regency in East Nusa Tenggara spanning 2,410.49 km², is a region that blends an exotic southern coast with mystical mountains. This area, directly bordering Ngada, Manggarai, and West Manggarai Regencies, holds deep cultural philosophies reflected in every aspect of its people's lives.

##

Traditions and Customary Ceremonies

Social life in East Manggarai is rooted in the philosophy of Lonto Leok, which is the tradition of deliberation and consensus within traditional houses (Mbaru Niang) or in sacred courtyards (Compang). One of the most sacred ceremonies is Penti, a ritual of gratitude for the harvest and the turn of the year in the customary calendar. In addition, there is the Congko Lokap tradition, a ceremony for cleaning and inaugurating traditional houses involving the sacrifice of livestock as a symbol of respect to ancestors (Mori Karaeng).

##

Dance and Agility Arts: Caci

The most iconic identity of East Manggarai is the Caci dance. More than just a dance, Caci is a game of agility and a test of manhood between two men who whip each other using a larik (buffalo hide whip) and defend with a nggiling (shield). Caci symbolizes sportsmanship and respect, where every drop of blood falling to the ground is considered an offering for the fertility of the earth. Besides Caci, there are Sanda and Mbata dances performed communally with the accompaniment of drums and gongs.

##

Songke Weaving: Identity in Threads

East Manggarai textile crafts are known for Tenun Songke. Unlike the ikat weaving in other NTT regions, Songke generally uses a solid black background color symbolizing greatness and majesty. Its motifs have deep meanings, such as Watu Drat (crystal eye) symbolizing honesty, and the Su'i motif symbolizing lineage. This traditional attire must be worn in official ceremonies, complemented by a Bali Belo (head ornament) for women and a Sapu (headcloth) for men.

##

Local Cuisine and Flavors

The agricultural richness of East Manggarai has given birth to unique culinary delights such as Kopi Colol, a legendary coffee from the Colol valley that has gained worldwide recognition. For staple food, the community knows Rebok, rice flour roasted with coconut and eggs, producing a very distinctive aroma. There is also Manuk Kapu, a free-range chicken dish specially prepared to welcome honored guests as a symbol of sincere and warm acceptance.

##

Language and Cultural Expression

The local people use the Manggarai language with distinctive dialects such as the Manus or Rongga dialect in the southern part. Traditional expressions like "Go'et" (pantun/proverb) are often used in customary speeches (Tudak) to convey moral and historical messages.

##

Religious Life and Festivals

Although the majority of the population is Catholic, religious practices in East Manggarai often blend with local traditions. Cultural festivals such as the Colol Coffee Festival or tourist attractions at Lake Rana Tonjong (the second largest giant lotus lake in the world) are now modern means to celebrate ancestral heritage while introducing the uniqueness of East Manggarai to the international world.

Tourism

#

Exploring the Hidden Charms of East Manggarai: A Gem in South Flores

East Manggarai, a regency of 2410.49 km² in East Nusa Tenggara, is a destination that offers a harmony between the grandeur of its mountains and the exoticism of its southern coast. Directly bordering Manggarai, Ngada, and West Manggarai Regencies, this region holds natural wealth that has not been widely touched by mass tourism, making it a paradise for seekers of tranquility and authentic adventure.

##

Natural Wonders: From Lake Rana Mese to Cepi Watu Beach

The main attraction of East Manggarai lies in its diverse ecosystems. At high altitudes, you will find Lake Rana Mese, a volcanic lake surrounded by dense rainforest often shrouded in thick fog, creating a mystical and calming atmosphere. For beach lovers, Cepi Watu Beach in Borong offers a wide stretch of brown sandy coastline against the backdrop of the blue Savu Sea. Not far from there, Liang Mbala Beach presents exotic coral cliff formations and small caves, perfect for landscape photography. Don't miss Cunca Lolos Waterfall, which cascades amidst lush tropical vegetation, offering unparalleled natural refreshment.

##

Cultural Heritage and Megalithic Traditions

More than just nature, East Manggarai is home to a strong culture. You can visit traditional villages like Todo Traditional Village or see the iconic Mbaru Niang traditional house. Here, visitors can witness preserved traditional rituals, including the energetic Caci dance—a whip-fighting dance symbolizing masculinity and sportsmanship. Other unique experiences can be found at megalithic sites scattered across the hills, offering deep insights into the ancestral history of the Flores people.

##

Culinary Adventures and the Taste of Colol Coffee

An experience in East Manggarai is incomplete without tasting Colol Coffee. The Colol Valley is known as the producer of the best coffee in NTT; sipping a cup of Arabica or Robusta coffee directly at its plantation is an unforgettable sensory experience. For a hearty meal, try Kolo (rice baked in bamboo) served with se'i meat or fresh sour fish soup with strong local spices.

##

Outdoor Activities and Accommodation

For the adventurous soul, climbing Mount Poco Ranaka offers a challenging trekking route with stunning sunrise views. You can also try traditional fishing with local fishermen on the south coast. Regarding accommodation, the center of Borong town provides various clean homestay and budget hotel options, where the hospitality of the local people will make you feel at home.

##

Best Time to Visit

The best time to explore East Manggarai is during the Dry Season (May to September). During this period, road access to remote villages is easier, and the weather is very conducive for outdoor activities and annual cultural festivals. Visit East Manggarai now, and discover another side of Flores full of wonder.

Economy

#

Economic Profile of East Manggarai Regency: Maximizing Agrarian and Maritime Potential

East Manggarai Regency, located in the southern part of Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, is a region of 2,410.49 km² with unique economic characteristics. Directly bordering Ngada Regency to the east, Manggarai to the west, and West Manggarai to the northwest, this region relies on the synergy between the mountainous agricultural sector and the maritime economy along the Indonesian Sea coastline.

##

Agriculture and Plantation Sector: The Economic Backbone

The agricultural sector is the largest contributor to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). The flagship commodity that has become the icon of this region is Colol Coffee. Arabica and Robusta coffee from the Colol development unit have been internationally recognized for their distinctive organoleptic qualities. Besides coffee, cloves, cocoa, and candlenuts are important export commodities that support the income of farming households in the hilly areas like Borong and Poco Ranaka.

##

Maritime and Coastal Economy

With a coastline stretching along the southern part, East Manggarai has great potential for capture fisheries. Local fishermen in the Borong area and its surroundings are transitioning from traditional methods to the use of motorization technology. The development of seaweed and coastal fisheries cultivation is a new focus to strengthen coastal economic resilience, utilizing direct access to the Indonesian Sea waters rich in small and large pelagic fish.

##

Creative Industry and Traditional Crafts

The industrial sector in East Manggarai is dominated by small and medium-sized industries (IKM). One unique aspect is the production of ikat woven fabric (Songke). East Manggarai weaving has distinctive motifs that represent local cultural philosophies, which are now being commercially managed through MSMEs for the tourism market. In addition, local food processing industries such as ground coffee packaging and corn-based food products continue to grow as typical regional souvenirs.

##

Infrastructure and Connectivity

The development of road infrastructure, especially the Trans-Flores route, is crucial in reducing logistics costs between regions. The existence of a port in Borong serves as an entry and exit point for goods, facilitating the distribution of agricultural products outside the island. The local government is currently focusing on improving accessibility to agricultural production centers to ensure price stability at the producer level.

##

Labor and Tourism Trends

Employment trends show a gradual shift from the primary sector to the service and tourism sectors. The tourism sector, with attractions like Lake Rana Mese and the Compang Laho cultural tourism, is beginning to create new job opportunities in the hotel and guiding services. The economic growth of East Manggarai is directed towards a sustainable development model that integrates local wisdom with the modernization of commodity processing, in order to increase the added value of products before they are released into the national market.

Demographics

#

Demographic Profile of East Manggarai Regency

East Manggarai Regency, located in the southern part of Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, is a region of 2,410.49 km² with dynamic demographic characteristics. As a coastal area directly bordering the Savu Sea to the south, this regency plays a strategic role in population distribution and economic activities in the Flores region.

Population Size and Density

Based on the latest data, the population of East Manggarai has exceeded 285,000 people. With its existing area, the average population density reaches 118 people per km². However, this distribution is uneven; the highest population concentration is in the center of government, Borong, as well as in the northern areas bordering Manggarai and West Manggarai Regencies. Conversely, the mountainous inland areas have much lower densities due to extreme topography.

Ethnic and Cultural Composition

The indigenous population of East Manggarai is dominated by the Manggarai ethnic group with distinctive sub-ethnicities such as the Rongga tribe in the southern region and the Congkar and Sambi Rampas tribes in the northern region. This diversity is reflected in the variations of the Manggarai language dialect between sub-districts. Uniquely, although the majority of the population is Catholic, there are significant pockets of Muslim communities in the northern and southern coastal areas, creating a cross-religious harmony that is a demographic characteristic of this region.

Age Structure and Education

The population structure of East Manggarai forms an expansive pyramid with a very large proportion of young people (0-19 years). This indicates a still relatively high birth rate. In the education sector, the literacy rate has reached over 92%, although the average length of schooling remains a challenge. The local government continues to strive to reduce school dropout rates at the secondary level to improve the competitiveness of the local workforce.

Urbanization and Migration Patterns

Rural-urban dynamics in East Manggarai are heavily influenced by Borong's transition from a village to a developing port city. The majority of the population still relies on the agricultural sector (coffee and cloves), but there is a trend of internal migration towards Borong to seek employment in the service sector. Furthermore, East Manggarai is known for its outward migration pattern (merantau) to Kalimantan, Papua, and even becoming Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) in Malaysia, which impacts remittance flows for family economies in the villages.

Unique Characteristics

One of the unique demographic characteristics of East Manggarai is the strong attachment of the people to communal land (Lingko). Although population mobility is increasing, the kinship system of Wae Teku, Lonto Leok continues to maintain social cohesion, ensuring that population distribution remains rooted in customary structures even as modernization begins to penetrate the southern coastal areas.