Tanah Laut

History

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History and Development of the Tanah Laut Region, South Kalimantan

Tanah Laut is a strategic region in South Kalimantan with an area of 3,822.46 km². Although it has a long coastline on its southern and eastern sides, administratively and geographically within the regional context of South Kalimantan, this area occupies a central position connecting the coastal areas with the Meratus mountain interior. Sandwiched between four neighboring regions—Banjarbaru City, Banjar Regency, Tanah Bumbu Regency, and the Java Sea—Tanah Laut has a rich historical narrative, from the era of the sultanate to becoming a pillar of the modern economy.

Origin and Sultanate Era

The name "Tanah Laut" historically refers to a region that juts out towards the sea. During the Banjar Sultanate, this area was known as part of the "Royal Land" (Hofstede). Sultan Mustain Billah and his successors made this area a hunting ground, a source of forest products, and a nesting site for swiftlets. One of the key figures in the spread of Banjar influence here was Prince Antasari, who mobilized local community support around the Pelaihari area during the outbreak of the Banjar War in 1859.

Colonial Period and People's Resistance

The Dutch East Indies government began to pay great attention to Tanah Laut due to its agricultural and mining potential. In the 19th century, the Dutch built a fort in Pelaihari to secure logistics routes. The most monumental historical event was the Battle of Batakan and the resistance at Gunung Lebak Naga. Local figures like Haji Buyasin became symbols of resistance; he was known as a skilled war commander in guerrilla tactics against Dutch soldiers in the forests of Tanah Laut. His bravery is immortalized through street names and monuments in the regency capital.

Struggle for Independence and Regency Formation

After the proclamation in 1945, the spirit of independence in Tanah Laut was ignited by the ALRI Division IV Kalimantan Defense organization. Figures like H. Boejasin (Haji Buyasin) continued to fight to ensure the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia in the "tuntung pandang" land. Administratively, Tanah Laut was initially part of Banjar Regency. However, through strong community aspirations, Law Number 8 of 1965 officially established the Tanah Laut Regency on December 2, 1965, with Pelaihari as the administrative center.

Cultural Heritage and Historical Sites

Tanah Laut possesses a unique socio-cultural richness, a blend of Banjar culture, Javanese culture (through transmigration programs in the early 1950s), and Madurese culture. The "Balian" tradition in the mountainous areas and sea thanksgiving rituals on the coast are evidence of cultural syncretism. Prominent historical sites include the Proclamation Monument in Pelaihari and remnants of colonial heritage in old mining areas.

Modern Development

Today, Tanah Laut has transformed from a traditional agricultural region into an energy industry and plantation center in South Kalimantan. The existence of Pelaihari Port and the development of industrial areas strengthen its position in the national economic constellation. Its long history, from resistance against colonizers to administrative independence, makes Tanah Laut a region that continues to preserve its local identity amidst the currents of modernization.

Geography

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Geography of Tanah Laut Regency: The Heart of South Kalimantan

Tanah Laut Regency is a strategic region in South Kalimantan Province, covering an area of 3,822.46 km². Administratively and geographically, this region is located in the southern part of the island of Borneo, but its position is at the central point of provincial connectivity. Although it has a long coastline in reality, in this specific review, the focus is directed towards its main land characteristics, bordering four administrative regions: Banjarbaru City, Banjar Regency, Tanah Bumbu Regency, and the Java Sea to its south.

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Topography and Landscape

The landscape of Tanah Laut is highly varied, ranging from gentle lowlands to undulating hilly areas. In the central and northern parts, the topography is dominated by the stretching Meratus Mountains, creating views of valleys and green peaks. One of the iconic geographical features is Mount Kayangan and Mount Keramaian, which mark the elevation in this region. The soil structure consists of red-yellow podsolic in hilly areas and alluvial in river valley regions, giving the soil its characteristic color, fitting its name, "Tanah Laut" (Land of the Sea).

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Water Systems and Watersheds

The regency is traversed by several important rivers that function as natural drainage arteries and irrigation facilities. The Maluka River and Tabanio River are two main streams that divide the land, creating rich riparian ecosystems. Amidst the hills, there are many natural depressions that form inland swamps, serving as natural water flow regulators during the rainy season and habitats for local freshwater fauna.

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Climate and Seasonal Variations

Tanah Laut has a tropical wet climate with strong monsoon influences. Located at astronomical coordinates of approximately 3°30′33″ – 4°11′38″ South Latitude, this region experiences average air temperatures ranging from 24°C to 33°C. The dry season typically occurs between August and October, during which the vegetation on the hills tends to turn yellow, while the intense rainy season occurs from December to March, often increasing water volume in the Meratus valleys.

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Natural Resources and Biodiversity

Tanah Laut's mineral wealth is significant, especially coal deposits, iron ore, and marble contained within its earth. In the agricultural sector, this region is a major corn producer and the largest cattle farming center in South Kalimantan, thanks to the vast natural grazing lands in the open "central" areas. Ecologically, this area includes lower montane tropical rainforest zones that are home to endemic species such as proboscis monkeys in the river estuary areas and various types of forest birds on the mountain slopes. This biodiversity is preserved in protected forest areas that function as water towers for the surrounding regions.

Culture

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Cultural Richness of Tanah Laut: A Gem of Tradition in the Heart of South Kalimantan

Tanah Laut, a region of 3,822.46 km² strategically located in the "central" part of South Kalimantan, holds cultural wealth that is a harmonious blend of agrarian traditions and religious values. Despite bordering four main regions, Tanah Laut has a very distinctive cultural identity.

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Traditional Ceremonies and Agrarian Traditions

The life of the Tanah Laut community is greatly influenced by natural cycles. One of the most prominent traditional ceremonies is Mallasuang Manu, a thanksgiving tradition of coastal and farming communities in areas like Takisung. In this ritual, chickens are released into nature as a symbol of gratitude for abundant harvests. Additionally, the Baayun Maulud tradition is celebrated vibrantly in historical mosques, where babies are rocked in cradles decorated with palm leaves and lemongrass as a prayer for safety.

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Performing Arts and Traditional Music

The art scene of Tanah Laut is colored by the beats of Kintung, a unique bamboo musical instrument that produces rhythmic tones when struck. Kintung often accompanies traditional dances or serves as entertainment during harvest season. In performing arts, Madihin remains a favorite; this anonymous oral art is delivered by a performer (Pamadihinan) in a humorous yet morally rich style. Characteristic dances like Tari Giring-Giring are also often performed to welcome esteemed guests, symbolizing the joy and togetherness of the local community.

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Local Cuisine and Flavors

Tanah Laut is known for its unique culinary richness. One of its irreplaceable icons is the Pelaihari version of Soto Banjar, which has a thicker and more aromatic broth. However, true uniqueness lies in Takisung Boiled Corn and processed Salted Sepat Fish, which are must-have souvenirs. For desserts, Wadai (Cake) Bingka and Ipau (Banjar-style lasagna) often appear in traditional ceremonies and cultural festivals as symbols of prosperity.

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Language and Local Dialect

The community uses Banjar Language, Kuala Dialect, but with a firmer and faster intonation compared to the dialect in Banjarmasin. There are several local expressions that are only commonly heard in and around Pelaihari, reflecting the close social ties among residents.

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Traditional Attire and Textiles

For formal occasions, the people of Tanah Laut wear Sasirangan, a traditional South Kalimantan fabric with special motifs made through a stitching technique. Commonly used motifs include *Gigi Haruan* (snakehead fish teeth) and *Kembang Sakaki* (a type of flower). Men typically wear a Laung (headband) while women wear short kebaya paired with sasirangan fabric as a skirt.

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Cultural and Religious Festivals

Every year, the celebration of the Tanah Laut Regency Anniversary is the peak of the cultural festival. This festival features various traditional competitions such as Balogo (a game using coconut shells) and Sumpit (blowgun). Religious values are also very strong, evident from the Haulan (commemoration) of great scholars, which attracts thousands of pilgrims, reinforcing Tanah Laut's identity as a region that upholds Islamic values in every aspect of its cultural life.

Tourism

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Exploring the Charm of Tanah Laut: A Hidden Gem in South Kalimantan

Tanah Laut Regency, strategically located in the southern part of South Kalimantan, is a destination offering a harmony between mountainous landscapes and exotic coastlines. With a total area of 3,822.46 km², this regency, with its capital in Pelaihari, is a magnet for travelers seeking authentic adventures far from the hustle and bustle of the city.

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Natural Wonders: Between Coast and Highlands

Although administratively located in the middle of the provincial transportation route, Tanah Laut boasts a very iconic coastline. Takisung Beach and Batakan Baru Beach are local prime attractions offering stunning sunset views. For a more tranquil experience, Turki Beach (Tungkaran Kiri) presents clean white sand and clear waters.

Moving to the highlands, you will find Bukit Lebak Naga and Gunung Birah. Treks here offer refreshing panoramic views of green landscapes. Additionally, Bajuin Waterfall, located on the slopes of the Meratus Mountains, offers the coolness of mountain water surrounded by pristine tropical forests.

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Traces of Culture and History

Tanah Laut is rich in historical value reflected in its local sites. One of the most unique is the presence of the Tugu Kijang Mas (Golden Deer Monument) in the center of Pelaihari town, which serves as a regional symbol. For history enthusiasts, remnants of the colonial era and local folklore about the bravery of the local people against the colonizers can be explored in several traditional villages. The heterogeneous community life between the Banjar and transmigrant ethnic groups creates a unique cultural acculturation, especially in agricultural ceremonies and sea thanksgiving.

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Adventures and Unique Experiences

For adrenaline seekers, Bukit Telang offers trekking routes with savanna views reminiscent of overseas landscapes. One of the most iconic experiences in Tanah Laut is visiting the Spotted Deer Conservation Center or interacting with swamp buffaloes in the inland water areas. Exploring the natural labyrinth at Pelaihari Maze Park is also a favorite activity for families seeking navigation challenges amidst a neatly arranged green park.

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Culinary Tourism and Local Hospitality

A trip to Tanah Laut is incomplete without tasting crispy fried Seluang fish or Gangan Asam Banjar with fresh catfish. Don't miss out on local snacks like authentic Fish Crackers made by local fishermen. The hospitality of the local residents is reflected in the many community-based homestays that allow tourists to experience rural life firsthand. In the city center, various options are available, from simple guesthouses to comfortable star-rated hotels.

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Visiting Tips

The best time to visit Tanah Laut is during the dry season (May to September), when the skies are clear and access to hilltops is not slippery. Be sure to bring adequate outdoor gear to maximize your exploration in one of South Kalimantan's most charming regencies.

Economy

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Economic Profile of Tanah Laut Regency: Agrarian and Industrial Strength in South Kalimantan

Tanah Laut Regency is one of the most important economic pillars in South Kalimantan Province. With an area of 3,822.46 km², this regency holds a strategic position in the southern part of the island, which, although administratively often associated with the interior, actually has a long coastline serving as a logistics gateway. Its economic structure is a harmonious blend of the primary sector, processing industry, and services.

Agriculture and Plantations as the Backbone

Tanah Laut's economic dominance is rooted in the agricultural sector. The regency is known as the corn and rice granary for South Kalimantan. The integration of oil palm plantations and cattle farming—known for the SISKA system (Integrated Cattle-Oil Palm System)—has become a national model. Besides oil palm, rubber is a leading commodity that supports thousands of local farmers. The presence of fertile land in the central region ensures the region's food security remains intact.

Industrialization and Downstreaming

Unlike many other regions that only rely on raw materials, Tanah Laut has moved into the downstream phase. The Jorong Industrial Estate has become a new growth center attracting significant investment. Here, iron ore processing and animal feed industries are rapidly developing. The presence of large companies such as PT Japfa Comfeed and various palm oil processing plants (CPO) creates a multiplier effect on local employment absorption and the growth of SMEs in the surrounding areas.

Maritime Wealth and Tourism

Although in some administrative classifications it is often considered a central inland region, Tanah Laut geographically has a strong maritime sector through the districts of Takisung and Panyipatan. The capture fisheries and pond aquaculture sectors contribute significant foreign exchange. The tourism sector also drives the creative economy, with iconic destinations such as Takisung Beach, Batakan Beach, and Bukit Keramaian boosting the growth of the hotel and culinary sectors.

Traditional Crafts and Local Products

The grassroots economy in Tanah Laut is characterized by distinctive crafts such as purun weaving and Sasirangan fabric with the Tuntung Pandang motif. These products are now beginning to penetrate the national market through SME digitalization. Furthermore, the production of fish crackers and amplang from the Tanah Laut coast are primary souvenir commodities that strengthen cash flow at the grassroots level.

Infrastructure and Employment Trends

The local government continues to accelerate transportation infrastructure development, especially road access connecting Pelaihari Port with production centers. This is crucial for reducing logistics costs for goods distribution. Employment trends show a shift from traditional agricultural sectors towards the service and manufacturing sectors, in line with the increasing qualifications of the local workforce through vocational training centers. With maintained economic stability, Tanah Laut continues to transform into a new economic growth center in South Kalimantan.

Demographics

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Demographic Profile of Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan

Tanah Laut Regency, located in the central position of South Kalimantan Province, is a strategic region with a land area of 3,822.46 km². As a region directly bordering four administrative areas—Banjarbaru City, Banjar Regency, Tanah Bumbu Regency, and the Java Sea to the south—Tanah Laut has dynamic population characteristics as a point of economic convergence and regional mobility.

Population Size, Density, and Distribution

Based on the latest data, Tanah Laut's population has exceeded 350,000 people. With its existing land area, the average population density ranges between 90 to 95 people per km². However, population distribution is uneven; the highest concentration is in Pelaihari District as the administrative and economic center, while areas like Kurau and Takisung have lower densities but are agricultural and fishing centers.

Ethnic Composition and Cultural Diversity

Tanah Laut's demographics are very unique as they reflect a history of massive transmigration. The Banjar ethnic group, as the indigenous population, lives in harmony with a significant Javanese community, especially in former transmigration areas. In addition, there are Bugis, Madurese, and Sundanese populations. This diversity creates a plural cultural landscape, where the Banjar language is used as the lingua franca, but the Javanese dialect remains preserved in rural pockets.

Age Structure and Population Pyramid

Tanah Laut has a young population structure with an expansive pyramid shape. The majority of the population falls within the productive age group (15-64 years), providing demographic bonus potential for the processing industry and plantation sectors. The dependency ratio continues to decline with the increasing participation of the workforce in the formal sector.

Education and Literacy

The literacy rate in Tanah Laut is very high, reaching over 98%. The local government consistently improves educational access through the development of vocational schools based on industry and agricultural competencies. Although the majority of the population has completed high school, the trend of continuing to higher education in Banjarbaru City or Banjarmasin is increasing, reflecting an awareness of vertical mobility through education.

Urbanization and Migration Patterns

Population dynamics are influenced by inward migration driven by the mining and oil palm plantation sectors. There is a shift in patterns from purely agrarian to semi-industrial, which encourages urbanization along the Trans-Kalimantan highway corridor. Seasonal migration also occurs frequently, where people from outside the region come to work in the extractive sectors, enriching the demographic diversity while challenging the provision of sustainable housing infrastructure.