Sambas

History

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History and Cultural Heritage of Sambas: A Gem in the Northern Tip of West Kalimantan

Sambas Regency is a strategic area of 5,989.67 km² located in the northernmost position of West Kalimantan. Directly bordering Sarawak (Malaysia), the Natuna Sea, and three neighboring regions (Singkawang City, Bengkayang Regency, and the open sea), Sambas holds rare and deep historical narratives as a center of Islamic civilization and maritime trade in the Nusantara.

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Era of Sultanate and Islamic Glory

The historical roots of Sambas are centered on the Sambas Sultanate, founded in the 17th century. One of the most important historical milestones was the leadership of Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin I (1666–1692), who solidified Islam as the foundation of governance. Unlike inland areas, Sambas' coastal location made it a meeting point for Malay, Dayak, and Arab influences. The Alwatzikoebillah Palace, built during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Mulia Ibrahim Shafiuddin (1931), still stands strong as a symbol of Malay-Islamic architectural grandeur on the banks of the Sambas River.

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Colonial Period and People's Resistance

In the 19th century, Sambas became the target of Dutch colonial ambitions. The 1818 treaty between the Dutch and the Sambas Sultanate sparked tensions that led to the exploitation of natural resources. However, history records the courage of the local community in the "Kongsi War" (1850-1854). Although involving Chinese gold mining communities, the political dynamics in Sambas were heavily influenced by the policies of the Dutch resident in Pontianak, who attempted to control Sambas' rich maritime trade routes.

One of the intellectual figures who emerged in the early 20th century was Sheikh Muhammad Basyuni Imran, the Maharaja Imam of Sambas. He was a reformist Islamic scholar who studied at Al-Azhar University in Egypt and brought a wave of modernism to West Kalimantan, connecting global thought with local wisdom.

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Struggle for Independence and the Modern Era

After the Proclamation of Independence in 1945, Sambas became an important base for republican forces in West Kalimantan. Local figures like Tabrani Hadi played an active role in consolidating strength against the Dutch (NICA)'s attempts to return. Sambas' integration into the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia reinforced its identity as a frontline defense in the northern region.

In its development, Sambas underwent regional expansion in 1999, which led to the formation of Bengkayang Regency and Singkawang City. Although its territory has shrunk, Sambas remains an agricultural and cultural center.

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Cultural Heritage and Local Identity

Sambas' uniqueness lies in its intangible heritage, such as Sambas Songket Woven Fabric (Tenun Lunggi), which features the distinctive "Pucuk Rebung" motif. Traditionally, the community still practices the Besaprah ritual, a communal meal eaten while sitting on the floor, symbolizing equality and brotherhood. Furthermore, historical sites like the Jami’ Sultan Shafiuddin Mosque, built using belian wood without nails, are testaments to past architectural expertise.

Through the presence of the Aruk State Border Crossing Post (PLBN), Sambas has transformed from a historical region into a modern gateway for Indonesia, without abandoning its strong Malay cultural roots and its long history as a center of Islamic intellect on Borneo.

Geography

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Geography of Sambas Regency: The Northern Gateway of West Kalimantan

Sambas Regency is a strategic area located at coordinates between 1°23’ North Latitude and 0°33’ South Latitude, and 108°39’ to 109°46’ East Longitude. As a region occupying the cardinal position in the northern part of West Kalimantan Province, Sambas has an area of 5,989.67 km². Its geographical uniqueness is marked by its status as an international border region directly touching Sarawak, Malaysia, and having an extensive coastline along the Natuna Sea (part of the Indonesian Sea).

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Topography and Landscape

Sambas' landscape is dominated by lowlands and swampy areas influenced by sea tides. This region borders three main territorial entities: Bengkayang Regency to the south, Singkawang City to the southwest, and Sarawak (Malaysia) to the east and north. Its topography slopes from the east, which is a hilly area, towards the lowlands on the west coast. Some significant peaks are Mount Besar and the Niut Mountains, which form natural boundaries in the interior. Fertile valleys are formed between the rolling hills, providing land rich in alluvial sedimentation.

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Hydrology: A Network of Giant Rivers

One of the most iconic geographical features is the presence of the Sambas Besar River. This river is the lifeline, with many tributaries such as the Sambas Kecil River, Teberau River, and Bantanan River. This hydrological system creates a complex estuarine ecosystem at the river mouths, which historically served as the center of the Sambas Sultanate's civilization. The significant width of the river allows water transportation far into the interior, shaping settlement patterns that follow the river flow.

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Climate and Seasonal Variations

Sambas has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with high rainfall throughout the year, ranging from 2,000 to 3,000 mm per year. The average air temperature remains stable between 25°C and 33°C. The rainy season typically occurs between October and February, influenced by the west monsoon winds carrying moist air masses from the Natuna Sea. Conversely, a relatively short dry season occurs in July and August, although extreme drought is rare due to consistently high humidity.

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Natural Resources and Biodiversity

Sambas' natural wealth relies on the agricultural and plantation sectors, with flagship commodities such as the Sambas siam orange, which grows abundantly in its alluvial soil. Additionally, there is potential for minerals such as quartz sand, kaolin, and iron ore in the hilly zones. The forestry sector includes mangrove forests along the coast and tropical rainforests in the east, which are habitats for rare flora and fauna such as the Bornean orangutan and various hornbill species. Its coastal ecosystem is also an important ecological zone for turtles to lay eggs, especially in the Paloh Beach area, which is the longest coastline in the province.

Culture

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The Splendor of Sambas Culture: Sultanate Heritage in the Northern Tip of Kalimantan

Located in the northern cardinal position of West Kalimantan, Sambas Regency is a coastal area of 5,989.67 km² that directly borders East Malaysia and the Natuna Sea. As a former center of the Sambas Sultanate, this region holds rare and distinctive cultural wealth, blending a strong Islamic spirit with rich coastal Malay traditions.

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Weaving Art and Traditional Attire

The most renowned cultural icon of Sambas is Sambas Songket Woven Fabric, or locally known as Kain Benang Emas (Gold Thread Fabric). The uniqueness of this weaving lies in its intricate motifs, such as Pucuk Rebung, Siku Keluang, and Mawar Melekat. Unlike songket from other regions, Sambas weaving uses traditional techniques that produce a fabric that is both fine and sturdy. In traditional ceremonies, Sambas men wear Teluk Belanga with a sarong, while women wear Baju Kurung paired with a songket scarf draped over the shoulder.

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Traditions, Ceremonies, and Beliefs

One of the unique traditions still preserved is Antar Ajat, a traditional procession of gifts in Sambas Malay weddings, rich with symbolism of respect. Additionally, there is the Tepung Tawar ritual, performed as a form of gratitude or to ward off misfortune in various important life events. The people of Sambas also highly uphold religious values centered around the Jami' Sultan Safiuddin Mosque, a masterpiece of wooden architecture that symbolizes the glory of Islam in northern Kalimantan.

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Arts and Performances

In terms of performing arts, Sambas has the dynamic Tari Tandak Sambas and the art of Ratib Saman, a blend of zikir (remembrance of God) and rhythmic movements with a magical-religious nature. Traditional Sambas music is dominated by the beats of the Gendang (drum) and Tawak-tawak (small gong). Oral literature also thrives through pantuns (traditional Malay poetry) often recited in traditional ceremonies, reflecting the linguistic intelligence of the local community.

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Special Cuisine and Coastal Flavors

Sambas cuisine offers bold flavors. The most iconic dish is Bubur Pedas (Spicy Porridge). Contrary to its name, this porridge is not always spicy with chili, but rich in spices and forest vegetables like kesum leaves, which provide a distinctive aroma. As a coastal region, seafood dishes like Ikan Asam Pedas Sambas (Sambas Spicy Sour Fish), which uses ranti (local small tomatoes), offer a unique fresh sensation. There is also the snack Lapis Belacan, a typical Sambas layered cake with a rich texture and dark chocolate, resembling the color of shrimp paste (belacan).

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Dialect and Local Identity

The local community communicates using the Sambas Malay Dialect. This dialect has characteristic vocalizations that tend to have a weak "e" at the end of words and unique vocabulary not found in standard Malay, such as the word "nyaman" for delicious or "sikkot" for narrow. This dialect serves as a bond of identity that distinguishes Sambas residents from their neighboring regions in West Kalimantan.

Through the preservation of the Alwatzikoebillah Palace and the spirit of Serumpun Sambas (One Sambas), this regency continues to maintain its cultural splendor so it does not fade with time, making it one of the most valuable cultural gems in the archipelago.

Tourism

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Exploring the Charm of Sambas: A Historical Gem in the Northern Tip of West Kalimantan

Located at the northernmost point of West Kalimantan, Sambas Regency is a destination that offers a rare blend of Malay historical grandeur, dramatic coastlines, and natural wealth spread across 5,989.67 km². Directly bordering Malaysia and the Natuna Sea, Sambas holds an exoticism rarely found elsewhere.

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Historical and Cultural Tourism: Traces of the Malay Sultanate

The main icon that must be visited is the Alwatzikoebillah Palace. Unlike typical museums, this palace still exudes the authority of the Sambas Sultanate with its sturdy belian wood architecture. Visitors can see ancient cannons gifted by the Dutch and British, as well as replicas of royal regalia. Not far from there stands the Jami’ Sambas Mosque, the oldest mosque in West Kalimantan, entirely constructed from wood without iron nails, offering a serene spiritual experience on the riverbank.

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Natural Wonders and Stunning Coastlines

As a coastal region, Sambas boasts Temajuk Beach, often dubbed "Paradise at the Tail of Kalimantan." With a coastline stretching 60 kilometers, Temajuk offers a unique view of white sandy beaches contrasting with giant granite rock formations. For adventure lovers, Bukit Piantus presents a green panorama from above, while Air Terjun Riam Berasap (Misty Waterfall) in Sajingan Besar offers the freshness of mountain water amidst lush tropical forests.

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Culinary Tourism: Authentic Flavors

A visit to Sambas is incomplete without tasting Bubur Pedas (Bubbor Paddas). Contrary to its name, this porridge is not always spicy but is rich in nutrients from dozens of types of vegetables, spices, and roasted peanuts. Additionally, Kue Lapis Sambas (Sambas Layer Cake), with its rich texture and intricate layered pattern, is a traditional snack that reflects the meticulousness of the local people.

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Adventure Activities and Unique Experiences

For adrenaline seekers, you can try navigating the river by traditional sampan to observe local activities or go trekking towards the Indonesia-Malaysia border in Aruk. One of the rare experiences here is witnessing sea turtle conservation at Paloh Beach, where visitors can observe the natural process of turtles laying eggs during specific seasons.

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Accommodation and Local Hospitality

The people of Sambas are known for upholding Malay politeness values. Accommodation options range from hotels in the city center to homestays in Temajuk Tourist Village, allowing tourists to interact directly with the residents.

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Best Time to Visit

The best time to visit Sambas is between May and September when the weather is generally clear, ideal for beach activities and forest exploration. If you are lucky, you can visit during local cultural festivals to witness the excitement of traditional dances and bidar boat races on the river.

Economy

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Economic Profile of Sambas Regency: The Northern Gateway of West Kalimantan

Sambas Regency is a strategic region located at the northern tip of West Kalimantan Province, with an area of 5,989.67 km². As a region directly bordering Sarawak, Malaysia, Sambas has a unique economic characteristic, blending agricultural, maritime, and cross-border trade potential.

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Agriculture and Plantation Sector

Agriculture remains the backbone of Sambas' economy. The region is known as the food granary of West Kalimantan, especially through abundant rice production in the Tebas and Semparuk areas. Besides food crops, the plantation sector is dominated by oil palm and rubber, managed by large companies and smallholder farms. One of the flagship products that has become an economic icon of the region is the Sambas Siam Orange (Jeruk Tebas). This orange has high economic value and has penetrated the national market, becoming a primary source of income for thousands of local farmers.

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Maritime and Marine Economy

With an extensive coastline along the Natuna Sea (Indonesian Sea), Sambas has enormous maritime economic potential. The fishing port in Pemangkat is a center of marine economic activity, where catches such as mackerel, shrimp, and squid are distributed to various regions and even exported. Fish processing industries and traditional boat building also thrive in this coastal area, employing a large local workforce.

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Creative Industry and Traditional Crafts

Sambas' creative industry sector has a rare uniqueness: Sambas Songket Weaving (Kain Sabuk). This handicraft is not just a cultural heritage but also a driver of micro-economy at the household level. Its distinctive motifs give this fabric high market value both domestically and internationally. Additionally, pottery and rattan weaving crafts continue to develop as typical souvenir products that support the tourism sector.

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Infrastructure, Trade, and Tourism

The development of strategic infrastructure such as the Sambas Besar River Bridge (JSSB) and the presence of the Aruk State Border Crossing Post (PLBN) have changed the region's economic landscape. PLBN Aruk facilitates the direct export of agricultural commodities to Malaysia, increasing foreign exchange flow and accelerating the growth of the service and hotel sectors. In tourism, destinations like Temajuk Beach—often dubbed "Paradise at the Tail of Kalimantan"—are now magnets for new investment in resort and ecotourism development.

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Labor Trends and Development

Labor trends in Sambas are shifting from the primary sector (agriculture) towards the tertiary sector (services and trade). Surrounded by three neighboring regions (Bengkayang Regency, Singkawang City, and Sarawak), Sambas positions itself as a northern trade hub. The local government focuses on improving the downstream processing of agricultural products to provide greater economic added value for the local community, while also reducing dependence on raw material exports.

Demographics

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Demographic Profile of Sambas Regency, West Kalimantan

Sambas Regency is a strategic area located at the northernmost point of West Kalimantan Province. With an area of 5,989.67 km², this regency has unique geographical characteristics due to its direct border with the Natuna Sea to the west and Sarawak, Malaysia, to the north and east. This "front porch" position of the country shapes a distinct demographic dynamic compared to other regions in West Kalimantan.

Population Size, Density, and Distribution

Based on the latest data, the population of Sambas Regency has exceeded 640,000 people, making it one of the most populous areas in West Kalimantan. The average population density is around 107 people/km². Population distribution is concentrated in the coastal corridors and lowlands such as Tebas, Sambas, and Jawai Districts, while the inland areas bordering Bengkayang Regency have lower densities.

Ethnic Composition and Cultural Diversity

Sambas has a very strong ethnic identity with the dominance of the Sambas Malay ethnic group, accounting for over 80% of the population. Uniquely, the social structure here is also colored by the presence of the Chinese ethnic group (especially Teochew and Hakka) who have a long historical root since the gold mining era, as well as the Dayak people who inhabit the hilly regions. This cultural integration has created a distinctive Sambas dialect, which serves as the lingua franca in the northern region of Kalimantan.

Age Structure and Education

Sambas' population pyramid shows an expansive structure with a dominance of the productive age group (15-64 years). The literacy rate in Sambas is considered high, driven by the presence of educational institutions such as the Sambas State Polytechnic (Poltesa) and IAIS Sambas, which serve as educational magnets in the northern region. The main challenge remains in equalizing access to secondary education in remote coastal areas.

Urbanization and Migration Patterns

Sambas' demographic dynamics are heavily influenced by cross-border migration. As a border region, many Sambas residents become Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) in Malaysia. This creates the phenomenon of "migrant villages" where the local economic structure is heavily reliant on remittances. Meanwhile, urbanization is centered in Sambas City as the administrative center and Pemangkat as the center of economic growth and sea trade. The transition from agriculture to services and trade sectors continues to increase, along with the development of the Aruk State Border Crossing Post (PLBN), which opens opportunities for international mobility.