Tanggamus

History

#

History and Development of Tanggamus Regency, Lampung

Origins and Colonial Era

The name Tanggamus is derived from Mount Tanggamus, which stands majestically in the heart of this region. Historically, this area was an important part of the Lampung Residency during the Dutch East Indies period. In the 19th century, the region was known as part of the Semaka Onderafdeling (sub-district) centered in Kota Agung. The Semaka Bay area became a strategic point for the Dutch colonialists to control the pepper trade route, which was a golden commodity from West Lampung and its surroundings.

During the colonial administration, the local governance system involved traditional leaders known as Penyimbang. Tanggamus society was traditionally divided into two large customary groups (Saimenyak), namely Saibatin and Pepadun, although the influence of Saibatin was very dominant in the coastal and mountainous areas. The relationship between colonial authorities and these customary structures created a complex social dynamic, where Kota Agung port served as the main gateway for logistics distribution in western Lampung.

Struggle for Independence and Transition Era

During the physical revolution (1945-1949), Tanggamus became a defense base for independence fighters in the South Lampung region (before its expansion). The hilly topography and dense forests on the slopes of Mount Tanggamus provided guerrilla advantages for local fighters to thwart Dutch military aggression attempting to enter from the coast. Local figures, along with the community, worked hand in hand to defend sovereignty in the Semaka region.

After independence, Tanggamus was administratively part of South Lampung Regency. However, with the increasing population and the need for accelerated development in the western region, aspirations to form its own autonomous region began to strengthen. Based on Law Number 2 of 1997, Tanggamus Regency officially came into existence on March 21, 1997. The inauguration of Achmad Syahputra as the first Acting Regent marked a new chapter of independent governance in this 2,915.63 km² area.

Cultural Heritage and Historical Sites

Tanggamus possesses unique cultural richness, one of which is the Nyambai tradition, a traditional dance performed during wedding ceremonies or the reception of honored guests. Additionally, the oral tradition of Pepadun is still preserved. One prominent historical site is the inscription and megalithic relics at several points around the foothills of Mount Tanggamus, indicating that this region has been inhabited since prehistoric times. The Batutegi Dam, although a modern project, now stands as an important development monument and a silent witness to the transformation of the ecosystem and economy in this region.

Modern Development and Regional Connectivity

Directly bordering six regions—West Lampung, Pringsewu, Pesawaran, Central Lampung, and the Indian Ocean to the south—Tanggamus is now developing into an agribusiness and energy hub. The development of the Tanggamus Industrial Estate (KIT) and geothermal exploration in Ulu Belu are pillars of the modern economy, connecting the agrarian history of the past with the industrialization of the future. Although no longer isolated, Tanggamus maintains its identity as "Bumi Begawi Jejama," reflecting the spirit of mutual cooperation of its people in advancing the region at the western gateway of Lampung Province.

Geography

#

Geographical Profile of Tanggamus Regency, Lampung

Tanggamus Regency is one of the administrative regions in Lampung Province that has highly contrasting and unique natural landscape characteristics. Located in the western part of the province, this regency covers an area of approximately 2,915.63 km². Administratively, Tanggamus directly borders six surrounding regions, namely West Lampung Regency, Pesisir Barat Regency, Central Lampung Regency, Pringsewu Regency, Pesawaran Regency, and directly borders the waters of Semaka Bay to the south. Despite having a long coastline on Semaka Bay, the mainland core of this region is dominated by towering mountainous topography.

##

Topography and Landscape

The main characteristic of Tanggamus is its highly varied relief, ranging from coastal lowlands to high mountains that are part of the Bukit Barisan Selatan range. Mount Tanggamus stands tall in this region, becoming the area's icon with an altitude of 2,102 meters above sea level. The presence of this mountain creates fertile valleys around it, such as the Semaka Valley, which is a center for agricultural activities. Additionally, there is the large Semaka fault that forms a narrow and deep valley morphology, providing dramatic geological views but also being prone to tectonic activity.

##

Hydrology and Water Resources

The hydrological system of Tanggamus is dominated by the presence of Way Semaka, a large river that flows through the valley and empties into Semaka Bay. Rivers in this region play a vital role as irrigation sources for extensive agricultural land. Besides rivers, a rare geographical attraction is the Batutegi Dam, one of the largest dams in Southeast Asia, which functions as a water regulator, power plant, and conservation facility.

##

Climate and Seasonal Variations

Tanggamus has a tropical wet climate with high rainfall, mainly due to the influence of mountainous topography that triggers orographic rain. Air temperatures in the coastal areas are relatively hot, but become cool to cold in the slopes of Mount Tanggamus and the Gisting area. The seasonal pattern consists of dry and rainy seasons, which greatly influence the planting cycle of the region's superior commodities.

##

Natural Resources and Biodiversity

Tanggamus's natural wealth is divided into the forestry and agricultural sectors. Part of its territory is within the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (TNBBS), which is an important ecological zone for rare fauna such as the Sumatran Tiger, Sumatran Elephant, and Sumatran Rhinoceros. In the agricultural sector, fertile volcanic soil makes this regency a producer of high-quality coffee, pepper, and cloves. Geologically, this region also holds significant geothermal energy potential around the Ulu Belu area, which is now utilized as a renewable energy source. This complex geographical characteristic makes Tanggamus one of the most important ecological and economic pillars at the western tip of Sumatra Island.

Culture

#

The Charm of Tanggamus Culture: Traces of Civilization in West Lampung

Tanggamus Regency, located in the western part of Lampung Province, is an area of 2915.63 km² that holds invaluable cultural wealth. Despite bordering six other administrative regions, Tanggamus has a very specific cultural identity, especially due to the strong influence of the indigenous Lampung Saibatin people who inhabit the coast of Semaka Bay up to the mountains in the interior.

##

Saibatin Traditions and Customs

The majority of Tanggamus society adheres strongly to the *Saibatin* custom, which has a clear aristocratic structure. One of the most sacred traditions is Pepadun/Sakai Sambayan, but in the context of Tanggamus, the value of *Piil Pesenggiri* is the main moral foundation. The uniqueness of traditions here is seen in the Nayuh ceremony, a grand customary feast to celebrate weddings or circumcisions involving all penyimbang (traditional leaders). In this procession, customary titles or Adok are bestowed upon individuals as symbols of social status and new responsibilities within the community.

##

Arts, Dances, and Traditional Music

Performing arts in Tanggamus are heavily influenced by its natural environment. Tari Kipas Serumpun (Serumpun Fan Dance) and Tari Sembah Pengunten are the main performances for welcoming honored guests. The rarest is Seni Pencak Silat Lampung (Lampung Martial Arts), often accompanied by Talo Balak (a large gong). Traditional music in Tanggamus is dominated by wooden and metal percussion instruments that create fast yet harmonious rhythms, reflecting the resilient spirit of its people.

##

Local Cuisine and Flavors

Tanggamus cuisine offers a unique depth of flavor. One dish that must be mentioned is Seruit, a grilled fish dish enjoyed with shrimp paste chili sauce, *tempoyak* (fermented durian), and various fresh vegetables. Additionally, there is Otak-otak Tanggamus, which has a chewier texture and a strong aroma of banana leaves. For snacks, Kue Tat is a symbol of respect often served during customary ceremonies and religious holidays.

##

Language and Dialect

The people of Tanggamus use the Lampung Language, Dialect A (Api). This dialect has distinctive firm vocalizations and undulating intonation. There are unique local expressions such as the strong use of the particle "kh," which distinguishes it from dialects in Central or East Lampung. The use of Had Lampung script is also maintained in customary documents and official government decorations.

##

Textiles and Traditional Clothing

Tapis fabric is a textile masterpiece from this region. In Tanggamus, Tapis motifs tend to represent marine and mountain flora and fauna, considering its topography whose peak culminates in Mount Tanggamus. The use of Siger (bride's crown) in Tanggamus has seven or nine curves, each symbolizing the lineage of customary leadership.

##

Religious Practices and Cultural Festivals

Religious life in Tanggamus is very harmonious, where Islamic values are acculturated with local traditions. The most anticipated annual festival is the Teluk Semaka Festival. This festival is not just a tourism celebration but a stage for the Larung Sesaji ritual and traditional boat races, which affirm the community's close relationship with the waters of Semaka Bay, despite the administrative region having a vast topographical diversity. Through the preservation of these traditions, Tanggamus continues to maintain its existence as a cultural gem in the western tip of Lampung.

Tourism

Exploring the Charm of Tanggamus: A Hidden Gem in West Lampung

Tanggamus Regency, located in the western part of Lampung Province, is a tourist destination offering a rare combination of majestic mountains and dramatic coastlines. With an area of 2,915.63 km², this regency directly borders six administrative regions, making it a rich meeting point of culture and nature at the southern tip of Sumatra Island.

#

Natural Wonders: From Peaks to Ocean Depths

Tanggamus boasts a world-renowned tourist icon, Kiluan Bay. This place is a natural habitat for bottlenose dolphins and long-snouted dolphins that can be seen directly from traditional outrigger boats. Besides the sea, Tanggamus is blessed with Mount Tanggamus, which stands proudly as a paradise for climbers seeking exotic mossy forests. For freshwater lovers, Way Lalaan Waterfall and Rainbow Valley offer the freshness of mountain water with unique rock formations. Don't miss the rare phenomenon of Gigi Hiu (Shark's Teeth) in Pegadungan, a beach with sharp coral clusters rising like a predator's teeth, creating an extraordinary landscape for photography.

#

Cultural Heritage and Historical Sites

Culturally, Tanggamus is home to the indigenous Lampung Saibatin people. Visitors can see the traditional house Nuwou Balak, which reflects traditional Lampung architecture. In various corners of the regency, remnants of the past and local sites provide a glimpse into the region's long history as an important part of the cultural dissemination route in Lampung.

#

Adventure and Outdoor Experiences

For the adventurous soul, swimming in Ulu Belu Green Lake offers a different sensation due to its unique water color gradation caused by natural mineral content. Additionally, the Ulu Belu area also offers geothermal tourism where visitors can enjoy steam rising from the earth's core combined with the cool mountain air.

#

Local Cuisine and Hospitality

A trip to Tanggamus is incomplete without tasting Seruit, a typical Lampung dish of grilled fish enjoyed with shrimp paste chili sauce, tempoyak (fermented durian), and fresh vegetables. Also try the signature Tanggamus robusta coffee, which has a strong flavor and distinctive aroma. The local community is known for the philosophy of Piil Pesenggiri, which upholds honor and hospitality, ensuring every tourist feels welcomed like family.

#

Accommodation and Best Time to Visit

Accommodation in Tanggamus ranges from floating *homestays* in Kiluan Bay to comfortable inns in the center of Kota Agung. The best time to visit is during the dry season between May and September, when the waves are calm enough to see dolphins and mountain hiking trails are not slippery, providing the maximum tourism experience in the heart of West Lampung.

Economy

#

Economic Profile of Tanggamus Regency: Agrarian Strength and Renewable Energy Potential

Tanggamus Regency, located in the western part of Lampung Province, is a strategic region with an area of 2,915.63 km². Although geographically bordering Semaka Bay to the south, its core characteristics are dominated by mountainous and highland landscapes, making it a hub for superior commodities on Sumatra Island. Bordering six administrative regions—including West Lampung, Pringsewu, and Pesisir Barat—Tanggamus functions as an important economic node connecting the inland areas with coastal distribution routes.

##

Superior Agriculture and Plantation Sector

The agricultural sector is the backbone of Tanggamus's economy, contributing the largest portion to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). The regency is nationally known as a major producer of robusta coffee and pepper. Furthermore, the downstream processing of horticultural products like pisang mas (golden banana) has become a unique economic phenomenon; through strategic partnerships with large companies (such as PT Great Giant Pineapple), local farmers have successfully penetrated export markets to China and the Middle East. The presence of cocoa and coconut commodities in the lowlands also strengthens the income structure of rural communities.

##

Strategic Industries and Energy

One of the rare aspects that distinguishes Tanggamus's economy is its utilization of geothermal energy. The presence of the Ulubelu Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP) by Pertamina Geothermal Energy makes it a green energy center in Lampung, contributing significantly through Revenue Sharing Funds (DBH) for regional development. In the processing industry sector, there are shipbuilding activities and feed processing industries in the areas around Semaka Bay coast, employing thousands of local workers.

##

Maritime Economy and Tourism

Although its northern part is dominated by land, the maritime economy on the southern coast remains crucial. Semaka Bay is a center for capture fisheries and marine aquaculture (such as grouper and shrimp). This sector synergizes with marine tourism, where destinations like Kiluan Bay with its wild dolphin attractions and Gigi Hiu become drivers of the creative economy through the provision of homestay services, tour guides, and water transportation.

##

Traditional Crafts and Infrastructure

Local products that are a source of pride are Tapis Fabrics with distinctive Tanggamus motifs combined with bamboo weaving from local artisans. Efforts to strengthen the economy are also supported by improvements to the Trans-Sumatra Western Route (Jalinbar) infrastructure, which facilitates logistics connectivity to Panjang Port. Digital transformation in MSME marketing is now beginning to shift employment trends from the traditional informal sector towards technology-based entrepreneurship, to ensure Tanggamus's economy remains competitive in the modern era.

Demographics

#

Demographic Profile of Tanggamus Regency, Lampung

Tanggamus Regency, located in the western cardinal position of Lampung Province, has unique demographic characteristics as a non-coastal region with a land area of 2,915.63 km². Although it has a coastline on Semaka Bay, its population concentration is administratively and geographically heavily influenced by the mountainous landscape, especially the presence of Mount Tanggamus, which is the region's icon.

Population Structure and Density

Based on the latest data, the population of Tanggamus has exceeded 640,000 people. With the existing area, the average population density is around 220 people per km². However, this distribution is uneven; the highest concentration is found in the eastern and central corridors bordering Pringsewu and Pesawaran Regencies, while the western region bordering West Lampung has a lower density due to protected forest topography.

Ethnic Composition and Cultural Diversity

Tanggamus exhibits a phenomenon of "Rarity" in terms of cultural integration. As a historical transmigration destination, the ethnic composition here is a harmonious blend of the indigenous Lampung Saibatin people with migrant groups such as Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese. This demographic uniqueness is evident in the use of the Lampung Api dialect, which remains existent alongside the Javanese Banyumasan language in rural areas, creating a multidimensional social structure rarely found in other western Lampung regions.

Population Pyramid and Age

Tanggamus's population structure is expansive, characterized by a large percentage of young people (0-19 years). The productive age group (15-64 years) dominates more than 65% of the population, providing demographic bonus potential for the coffee agriculture and plantation sectors, which are the backbone of the local economy.

Education and Literacy

The literacy rate in Tanggamus has reached over 96%. Nevertheless, education levels are dominated by high school graduates. The local government continues to strive to reduce school dropout rates in remote areas through inclusive education programs to improve the Human Development Index (HDI).

Urbanization and Migration Dynamics

Urbanization in Tanggamus is not concentrated in one spot but is spread across growth centers such as Kota Agung, Talang Padang, and Gisting. Gisting stands out as a highland urban area with a high rate of in-migration due to climate and trade economy factors. Conversely, out-migration (merantau) is common among young age groups to Bandar Lampung or Jakarta for higher education or employment in the industrial sector. With six directly bordering neighboring regions, daily cross-border mobility is a characteristic feature of population dynamics on the eastern border of this regency.