Gunung Mas

History

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History of Gunung Mas Regency: Traces of Civilization in the Heart of Central Kalimantan

Gunung Mas Regency, geographically located in the central position of Central Kalimantan Province with an area of 9,363.06 km², has a long historical narrative deeply rooted in the Dayak Ngaju culture. Although its territory is dominated by hills and tropical forests, its accessibility through the Kahayan and Manuhing Rivers made it a strategic area from ancient times.

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Prehistoric Roots and Dayak Cultural Heritage

The origin of the name "Gunung Mas" refers to the abundance of natural resources in the form of rich gold deposits along the river basins. Traditionally, this area was inhabited by the Dayak Ngaju sub-ethnic group who adhered to the Kaharingan belief. The most prominent archaeological and cultural traces are the Tiwah tradition, a ceremony for escorting ancestral remains to the *Sandung*. One important historical site in this region is the Rumah Betang Damang Batu in Tumbang Anoi Village. It was at this location that the monumental event of "Tumbang Anoi Peace Meeting" occurred in 1894, bringing together Dayak tribal chiefs from all over Kalimantan to stop the tradition of mengayau (headhunting) and slavery, which subsequently united the vision of the Dayak community.

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Colonial Era and People's Resistance

During the Dutch East Indies colonial era, Gunung Mas was part of the *Afdeeling Dajaklanden*. The Dutch interest in this region was driven by the exploitation of forest products and the potential for gold mining. However, colonial penetration was not smooth. Local figures like Damang Batu played a crucial role in diplomacy and maintaining customary sovereignty. Resistance against taxes and forced labor frequently occurred in the Kahayan Hulu region, reflecting the spirit of independence of the local community integrated with the national resistance spirit in the archipelago.

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Independence Era and Territorial Formation

After the Proclamation in 1945, this region became an integral part of Kalimantan Province, which was later expanded. Names like Tjilik Riwut, a national hero from Central Kalimantan, are closely linked to the mobilization of people in the Kahayan interior to support the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia. Before becoming an independent regency, Gunung Mas was part of Kapuas Regency. Through Law Number 5 of 2002, Gunung Mas Regency was officially established as an autonomous region with its capital in Kuala Kurun. This expansion aimed to accelerate development in the interior region which has 7 neighboring territories directly bordering it (such as Murung Raya, Katingan, and Kapuas).

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Modern Development and Identity

Currently, Gunung Mas is transforming into a significant agricultural and mining center in Central Kalimantan. Although it holds a common status in administrative categories, its unique culture is preserved through the preservation of the Tumbang Anoi site as a symbol of world peace. The development of road infrastructure has now broken geographical isolation, connecting this central region with other growth centers. The history of Gunung Mas is a reflection of the transition of indigenous communities towards modernity without abandoning the cultural roots of "Bumi Habangkalan Turu Karuhei Tatau," which means a land of harmony, peace, and prosperity.

Geography

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Geographical Profile of Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan

Gunung Mas Regency is an administrative entity strategically located in the central part of Central Kalimantan Province. With an area of 9,363.06 km², this regency presents a contrasting and dynamic landscape, ranging from mountainous areas in the north to coastal regions directly bordering the Indonesian Sea. Administratively, Gunung Mas is surrounded by seven neighboring territories, strengthening its regional connectivity in the heart of Borneo Island.

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Topography and Land Features

The topographical characteristics of Gunung Mas are dominated by rolling hills and mountains, especially in the northern part which is part of the Schwaner Mountains. This region has significant variations in altitude, from lowlands in the south to high peaks that touch the clouds. Fertile narrow valleys divide the hills, creating a complex natural drainage system. Despite being dominated by highlands, the regency has a unique geographical feature of a coastline stretching along the Indonesian Sea, giving a maritime characteristic to the southern side of its territory.

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Hydrology and River Basins

The hydrological system of Gunung Mas is centered on the Kahayan River, which divides the region longitudinally. This river is not just a geographical feature but a lifeline for transportation and a source of sustenance. Tributaries flowing from the northern mountains carry nutrient-rich sediment to the lowlands, creating a rich riparian ecosystem. The presence of rapids in the upper reaches of the river is a characteristic of the challenging terrain, while also offering potential for hydroelectric power.

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Climate and Weather Patterns

Located directly below the equator, Gunung Mas has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with high rainfall throughout the year. Average temperatures range from 23°C to 33°C, with very high humidity due to extensive rainforest cover. Seasonal variations are marked by a short dry season and a long rainy season, where orographic phenomena often occur in the mountainous regions, causing higher rainfall intensity on the mountain slopes compared to coastal areas.

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Natural Resources and Biodiversity

Mineral wealth is the main attraction, with abundant reserves of gold (as its name suggests), coal, and zircon in its subsoil. In the agricultural sector, volcanic and alluvial soils support oil palm and rubber plantations. Ecologically, Gunung Mas is in a transition zone that is home to endemic flora and fauna of Kalimantan, such as orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and various species of meranti in primary forests. This biodiversity zone includes protected forests that function as water towers for the central part of Central Kalimantan.

Culture

Cultural Charm of Gunung Mas Regency: The Heart of Dayak Ngaju Civilization

Gunung Mas Regency, located in the central position of Central Kalimantan Province, is a region covering 9,363.06 km² that plays a crucial role in the preservation of Dayak customs. Although administratively bordering seven neighboring territories, Gunung Mas maintains a very specific and sacred cultural characteristic.

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Traditions, Ceremonies, and Religion

Gunung Mas is known as the spiritual center of the Kaharingan belief. The most phenomenal tradition is Tiwah, a final-stage death ceremony for Kaharingan adherents. This procession aims to guide the soul (*Liau*) to *Lewu Tatau* (heaven). In Gunung Mas, Tiwah is performed by erecting *Sandung*, which are small carved buildings where ancestral remains are stored. Besides Tiwah, there is the Mampakanan Batu ceremony, a ritual of gratitude to the Creator for successful harvests and protection for agricultural tools.

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Arts, Dance, and Traditional Music

The art world in Gunung Mas is dominated by powerful yet graceful movements. Tari Kanyame and Tari Mandau are often performed to welcome honored guests. The uniqueness of the performing arts here lies in the use of the Sape (traditional Dayak guitar) and Garantung (bronze gong) whose tones regulate the rhythm of social interaction. The local community also preserves the vocal art of Karungut, an oral literature in the form of sung pantuns, containing life advice or family lineage history in the Dayak Ngaju language.

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Crafts and Textiles: Rattan Weaving and Benang Bintik

The manual skills of the Gunung Mas community are reflected in rattan weaving crafts that produce Lanjung (back basket) and miniature Tiwah Sandung. In terms of textiles, Batik Benang Bintik is a source of pride. The motif that often appears is *Batang Garing* (Tree of Life), symbolizing the balance between the upper, middle, and lower worlds. Their traditional attire, such as Baju Sangkarut, once known as a war shirt believed to possess magical powers, is now ceremonial attire for adat ceremonies.

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Local Cuisine and Flavors

Gunung Mas's natural wealth gives birth to authentic cuisine. One of its prime dishes is Juhu Singkah Enyuh (palm heart) and Juhu Kujang (taro). The community also enjoys consuming Wadi, which is preserved fish or pork through a fermentation process using salt and grated kepayang seeds or dried rice. The sour, savory taste and sharp aroma are characteristic of this cuisine, not found elsewhere.

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Language and Local Expressions

The dominant language used is Dayak Ngaju Language with a strong local dialect. There are distinctive expressions such as "Isen Mulang" (Never Retreat), which is the spirit of the community's life. Daily communication often includes proverbs about respecting nature, reflecting a life philosophy in harmony with the forests and rivers surrounding the Gunung Mas region.

Tourism

Exploring the Hidden Charms of Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan

Located right in the heart or central part of Central Kalimantan Province, Gunung Mas Regency offers a harmony between tropical natural wealth and authentic Dayak cultural heritage. Spanning 9,363.06 km², this region borders seven administrative territories, making it a strategic point for adventurers wishing to explore the interior of Kalimantan. Although geographically dominated by forests and hills, accessibility to coastal areas of large rivers makes it a unique destination.

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Natural Wonders and Water Adventures

Gunung Mas is a paradise for waterfall lovers. One of its main icons is Bawin Kameloh Waterfall in the Sepang area, offering the freshness of mountain water amidst dense forests. Additionally, there is Batu Mahasur Waterfall located near the city center of Kuala Kurun, a favorite family destination due to its well-maintained surrounding park. For thrill-seekers, navigating the Kahayan River by traditional boat offers an adrenaline-pumping yet relaxing experience while gazing at the silhouette of the still pristine rainforest.

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Cultural Heritage and Historical Sites

The magical side of Gunung Mas shines through its historical sites. Tumbang Pajangei Tourist Village is the birthplace of national hero Tambun Bungai, where tourists can see replicas of traditional houses and ancient artifacts. One religious and cultural experience not to be missed is visiting Betang Damang Batu in Tumbang Anoi, a historical site where a great peace among Dayak tribes occurred in 1894. The presence of beautifully carved Sandung (bone storage in Kaharingan tradition) is a common sight that emphasizes the depth of local culture.

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Culinary Tourism and Local Experiences

A trip to Gunung Mas is incomplete without tasting the typical Dayak Ngaju cuisine. Try Juhu Singkah, young rattan cooked with yellow spices, or Puang Susu, a unique fermented durian delicacy. Local people are known to be very friendly; tourists are often invited to taste traditional dishes at residents' homes. For accommodation, various inns and homestays are available in Kuala Kurun, offering comfort with a touch of local hospitality.

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Best Time to Visit

The best time to visit Gunung Mas is during the May to September dry season, to facilitate access to forest trails and waterfalls. Additionally, visit during cultural festivals like the Festival Mihing Manasa to witness traditional rowing competitions, colossal dances, and traditional rituals rarely seen elsewhere. Gunung Mas is not just a point on the map, but a soul of Central Kalimantan waiting to be explored.

Economy

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Economic Profile of Gunung Mas Regency: Extensive Transformation in the Heart of Central Kalimantan

Gunung Mas Regency, strategically located in the central part of Central Kalimantan Province, covers an area of 9,363.06 km². As a region bordering seven other administrative territories, Gunung Mas serves as a crucial land connectivity hub. Although geographically dominated by hills and forests, the regency has unique characteristics with access to vital river basins (DAS) of Kahayan, which administratively and functionally gives it a semi-coastal river character for its population's mobility.

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Agriculture, Plantations, and Natural Resources Sector

The primary sector remains the backbone of Gunung Mas's economy. Oil palm and rubber plantations are the main export commodities managed by large private companies as well as smallholder plantations. Furthermore, mineral wealth such as gold—which is the origin of the regency's name—and coal contribute significantly to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). Small-scale mining also still exists, creating employment for the local population despite facing environmental regulation challenges.

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Maritime and Coastal Economy

The presence of a coastline directly facing the Indonesian Sea allows for the development of the maritime economy. The capture fisheries and marine product processing sectors are beginning to develop in coastal areas. Small ports along the coast serve as logistics gateways for sending agricultural products out of the island, reducing dependence on land routes traversing the Kalimantan wilderness.

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Creative Industry and Traditional Crafts

In the small industry sector, Gunung Mas is known for its high-value rattan weaving and agarwood crafts. Typical products such as Lanjung and traditional Dayak hats are commodities that are starting to enter the national market. The development of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) focuses on processing food based on local resources, such as processing river fish and non-timber forest products.

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Tourism and Services

The eco-tourism sector is a new favorite. Destinations like the Tambun Bungai Monument and various natural waterfalls attract domestic tourists. The growth of this sector has spurred demand for hotel, culinary, and local transportation services, which in turn diversifies the employment structure from extractive sectors to service sectors.

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Infrastructure and Employment Trends

The local government is prioritizing the development of inter-regency road infrastructure to accelerate the flow of goods to the ports. Employment trends show a gradual shift; although the agricultural sector still dominates, there has been an increase in labor absorption in the construction and trade sectors with the entry of large-scale investments. Human resource development focuses on skills certification so that local residents can compete in increasingly automated modern mining and plantation industries.

Overall, Gunung Mas's economy is in a transition phase from dependence on raw natural resources towards industrial downstreaming and optimization of maritime potential, to ensure more inclusive and sustainable economic growth.

Demographics

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Demographic Profile of Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan

Gunung Mas Regency is a vast land area in the heart of Central Kalimantan with an area of 9,363.06 km². Although geographically located in the central part of the island, this regency has unique characteristics with vital access to the Kahayan river basin (DAS), which administratively and functionally gives it a semi-coastal river character for its population's mobility.

Population Size, Density, and Distribution

Based on the latest data, Gunung Mas's population is recorded at around 135,373 people. With a very large area, its population density is considered very low, only about 14-15 people per square kilometer. Population distribution tends to be concentrated along riverbanks and trans-Kalimantan roads, with Kurun District being the most densely populated economic and governmental gravity center.

Ethnic Composition and Cultural Diversity

The majority of Gunung Mas's population is the Dayak Ngaju ethnic group, who are the indigenous people, followed by the Dayak Ot Danum. The demographic uniqueness here lies in the harmony between Kaharingan adherents (local religiosity) and Christian and Muslim communities. Following past transmigration programs and the opening of plantation sectors, there is a significant population of Javanese, Banjar, and Bugis ethnicities who bring linguistic and customary diversity to the interior region.

Age Structure and Population Pyramid

Gunung Mas has a young population structure (expansive). The population pyramid shows a wide base in the 0-14 year age group and the productive 15-64 year age group. This indicates a still relatively high birth rate and the potential for a demographic bonus for the development of the agricultural and mining sectors in the future.

Education and Literacy Levels

Literacy rates in Gunung Mas have exceeded 95%, reflecting a strong commitment to the basic education sector. However, there is a gap in higher education. The majority of the productive age population has a secondary education background, while university graduates tend to be concentrated in urban areas like Kuala Kurun.

Urbanization and Migration Dynamics

Settlement patterns in Gunung Mas are still dominated by rural areas based on the primary sector. However, internal urbanization towards Kuala Kurun continues to increase with infrastructure improvements. In-migration is driven by the oil palm plantation and gold mining sectors, attracting labor from outside the region, while out-migration is usually driven by reasons of higher education to Palangka Raya or Banjarmasin.

Unique Characteristics

One of the demographic characteristics of Gunung Mas is its population's adherence to customary law. The dependency ratio in this region continues to decline, indicating that the number of productive age people is much larger than the non-productive population, providing great opportunities for independent local economic growth.